12.1 Indications for acute/chronic dialysis Treatment options for both end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) include extracorporeal hemodialysis-based options, and peritoneal dialysis (PD). Important elements in the…
11.1 KDIGO stages of chronic kidney disease The 2012 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines provide significant updates from the original 2002 Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guidelines…
7.1 Definition of AKI ■ Increase in serum creatinine (SCr) by ≥0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours; or ■ Increase in SCr to ≥1.5 times baseline, which is known or presumed…
9.1 Acute interstitial nephritis The histopathology of acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) includes edema and infiltration of the renal interstitium with inflammatory cells (mononuclear cells, T lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils),…
Urinalysis Urine examination is an invaluable tool in patient evaluation and diagnosis. Easy to obtain but often overlooked, the voided urine offers clues to the diagnosis of kidney conditions and…
5.1 Introduction This chapter discusses how to use arterial or venous blood gas results and routine serum electrolytes to identify an acid-base disorder. , 5.1.1 Henderson-hasselbalch equation Interpretations of blood…
3 Renal physiology , The kidney has multiple functions, including the following: ■ Excretory function—elimination of small molecular “wastes” from the body ■ Maintaining electrolyte balance ■ Maintaining acid-base balance…
2.1 Edema 2.1.1 Renal Probable Diagnosis Symptoms/Signs Diagnostic Procedures Nephrotic syndrome • Facial swelling • Swelling of the arms and legs, especially the ankles and feet • Pleural effusions •…
Nephrology, the subspecialty of internal medicine that covers the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases, hypertension, and electrolyte disorders, is often viewed as very difficult to master. In Clinical Handbook…
Glomerular Disease in Pregnancy Monica L. Reynolds Andrea L. Oliverio INTRODUCTION Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is estimated to affect 6% of women of reproductive age and 3% of pregnancies globally.1,2,3…
