Metabolic Alkalosis
Case Study 1 A 15-year-old male patient with cirrhosis and ascites secondary to Wilson disease is admitted to the hospital with acute gastrointestinal bleeding due to ruptured esophageal varices. He…
Hyperkalemia
Case Study 1 A 6-year-old boy with mild chronic renal failure is started on a low-sodium diet for hypertension. Two weeks later, he notices that he is unable to lift…
Hypokalemia
Case Study 1 A 16-year-old young man was admitted for elective surgery for a small-bowel carcinoid tumor. Nephrology was consulted for evaluation of persistent hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. The patient…
Hypernatremia
Case Study 1 A 14-year-old male with a history of aplastic anemia underwent haploidentical stem cell transplantation, complicated by graft-versus-host disease, affecting his gastrointestinal tract. The posttransplantation course was complicated…
Hyponatremia
Case Study 1 A 12-year-old male with a history of Hodgkin lymphoma and hypertension presented to the hospital with a 2-week duration of weakness and fatigue. He also reported a…
Water and electrolyte disorders
4.1 Water distribution between body compartments The diagram below illustrates water distribution between intracellular and extracellular body compartments, the latter including interstitial and intravascular spaces. 4.2 Sites of electrolyte reabsorption…
Kidney transplantation
Kidney transplantation represents a complex overlapping of immunology, nephrology, and surgery. We will initially describe the important role of tissue typing, tissue compatibility and histocompatibility testing in donor-recipient selection. 13.1…
Laboratory values for nephrology
It should be recognized that normal laboratory values may vary among different clinical laboratories, measurement techniques, and of importance, the state of the subject when the sample is collected (e.g.,…
Nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis
15.1 Kidney stones Kidney stone disease is common, with a risk of 10% to 15% occurring more commonly in men, but with an increasing incidence in women. Stone formation is…
Hypertension
14.1 Staging of hypertension (HTN) according to ACC/AHA BP Value Stage Treatment <120/80 Normal 120–129/<80 Elevated blood pressure Does not require drugs, but early interventions of lifestyle modifications (weight loss,…
