RENAL HANDLING OF CALCIUM, PHOSPHATE, AND MAGNESIUM CALCIUM More than 98% of total body calcium is in bones, whereas the remainder is located in intracellular and extracellular fluid. Normal plasma…
COUNTERCURRENT MULTIPLICATION (Continued) Once deposited in the interstitium, some urea drifts from the inner medulla and is secreted back into the proximal tubule and loop of Henle. By reentering the…
RENAL HANDLING OF SODIUM AND CHLORIDE (Continued) Because of this system, an increase or decrease in total body sodium will lead, by necessity, to expansion or contraction of the ECF…
RENAL HANDLING OF SODIUM AND CHLORIDE (Continued) Thick Ascending Limb. In this segment, sodium, chloride, and potassium undergo transcellular reabsorption together on an apical cotransporter (NKCC2). Two chloride ions are…
COUNTERCURRENT MULTIPLICATION (Continued) In Panel 4, steady state has been reached, meaning that no additional solute is being added to the system. Thus the incoming and outgoing fluid are iso-osmotic….
COUNTERCURRENT MULTIPLICATION The countercurrent multiplier system is a sophisticate apparatus that evolved in mammals and birds to con serve water. It forms a longitudinal concentration gradient in the medullary interstitium…
Plate 3-3 GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE GLOMERULAR FORCES THAT DETERMINE FILTRATION RATE Blood that enters the glomerular capillaries is filtered into Bowman’s space, the first region of the nephron. The glomerular…
MECHANISMS OF TRANSPORT In all portions of the nephron, basolateral Na+/K+ ATPases pump sodium from the tubular epithelial cells into the interstitium. As a result, intracellular sodium concentrations remain low,…
The long-term clinical syndrome that results from PUVs is known as the “valve-bladder syndrome.” Affected patients have large bladder volumes and subsequent overflow incontinence, which occur because bladder compliance and…
The same basic mechanism applies to solutes, such as potassium, calcium, and other salts, the concentrations of which are maintained in very narrow ranges in the extracellular and intracellular spaces….
