IgA Nephropathy: Causes and Clinical Features
Once IgA binds to the mesangium, it may stimulate mesangial cell proliferation and trigger mesangial cell release of proinflammatory mediators, such as interleukin 6 and TNF-α, as well as profibrogenic…
Secretion and Reabsorption: Tubular Reabsorption and Saturation Kinetics
Plate 3-5 SECRETION AND REABSORPTION As filtered fluid passes through the nephron, solutes may undergo reabsorption from the tubular fluid to the interstitium and capillaries, as well as secretion in…
Membranous Nephropathy: Histopathologic Findings
In secondary MN, treatment centers on removal of the underlying cause, after which there is often a complete remission of proteinuria within several months. PROGNOSIS Patients with idiopathic MN who…
Membranous Nephropathy: Causes and Clinical Features
Patients with MN are at increased risk of renal vein thrombosis, even among other patients with nephrotic syndrome. This complication affects up to one in five patients in some series….
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: Histopathologic Findings (Continued)
If appropriate treatment is not provided, a significant portion of patients with primary FSGS will progress to ESRD. Only a small minority of patients experience complete spontaneous remission. Patients who…
Glomerular Filtration Rate: Calculation
Plate 3-4 GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (Continued) CALCULATION OF GFR In clinical practice, it is not possible to measure hydrostatic or oncotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries or in Bowman’s space….
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: Causes, Clinical Features, and Histopathologic Findings
Several histologic variants of FSGS can be distinguished, including classic FSGS (also known as FSGS not otherwise specified), perihilar variant, glomerular tip variant, cellular variant, and collapsing variant. It is…
Minimal Change Disease: Histopathologic Findings
More than half of adult MCD patients will have a relapse during their lifetime, and up to one in four will become a frequent relapser, experiencing more than three episodes…
Minimal Change Disease: Causes and Presentation
Because patients with MCD tend to have very severe proteinuria, clinicians must be alert for the presence of related complications. As in all cases of nephrotic syndrome, patients are at…
Overview of Nephrotic Syndrome: Presentation and Diagnosis
Lifestyle changes are also important. Patients should adopt a low-salt diet to reduce edema and improve blood pressure control. Exercise may help mobilize edema and allow natural diuresis, as well…
