Abdominal Key

FOLLOW-UP Patients undergoing TURBT generally do not require hospitalization and can be discharged after a short period of postoperative recovery. In the event of a more extensive resection that requires…

Following inspection of the mucosal surface, various procedures may be performed by inserting instruments into the working channel. After these procedures are completed, the cystoscope is removed, and the bladder…

Flexible Cystoscopes. Flexible cystoscopes have small, soft, flexible shafts; a working channel; and an irrigation port. The optics consist of either fiberoptic bundles or, more recently, a distal sensor (either…

An ileal ureter, which introduces the bowel into the urinary tract, is used for wide ureteral defects or other surgically complex cases that require more drastic reconstruction efforts. Patients with…

Postoperatively, the patient should receive double the maintenance intravenous fluid rate for the first 12 to 24 hours, which will irrigate the bladder and ureteral anastomosis. The Foley catheter should…

COMPLICATIONS When performed properly, ureteroscopy is associated with few complications. The most common complications include stent colic (discomfort from the ureteral stent), transient hematuria, and urinary tract infection. The most…

Because of these positive outcomes, kidney transplantation is becoming widely practiced around the world. Improvements in organ access, donation, preservation techniques, immunosuppression, and management of disease progression will further improve…

TECHNIQUE Before undergoing ureteroscopy, the patient should have a documented negative urinalysis and urine culture, so as to reduce the risk of urosepsis. The majority of ureteroscopic procedures are performed…

Acute cellular rejection results from an interaction between recipient antigen-presenting cells (APCs), recipient T cells, and MHC antigens on donor cells. The T cells become activated, resulting in the transcription…