Staging and Risk Categories
Primary tumour (T). Except for pTis and pT4, the extent of primary tumour is usually classified after radical orchiectomy, and for this reason, a pathologic stage is assigned. Tx may…
PSA Biology and PC Screening
PSA-based population screening for PC is not recommended by many authorities and should be limited to men with increased risks of developing the disease. PSA is not a disease-specific marker…
Epidemiology and Aetiology of Testicular Cancers
Fig 17.1 Tumour of an undescended right testis (Courtesy of Kurian George, Urology, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman) 2. ITGCN or carcinoma in situ of the testis or testicular intraepithelial…
Non-urothelial Bladder Cancers
Non-urothelial BT Radical cystectomy. Partial cystectomy in favourable anatomical locations. Apart from primary lymphomas, no consensus yet concerning NEBT because of their rarity References 1. Cameron KM. Non-epithelial tumours of…
Treatment of Testicular Tumours
Fig. 22.1 Algorithm of the management of testicular tumor There is an excellent survival rate of GCTs owing to careful staging at diagnosis, efficacy of early adequate treatment based on…
Epidemiology, Aetiological Factors, Symptoms and Signs of ACC
Epidemiology ACC = 90 % of all adrenal cancers The annual incidence is 1–2 in a 1,000,000 population Bimodal age incidence: below 5 years in children and between age 40 and 50…
Treatment of UTUC, Prognosis and Follow-Up
Fig. 11.1 A nephroureterectomy specimen 11.1.1.2 Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy is now known to have equivalent oncologic results as open surgery and is gaining in popularity among urologists. Notes: A…
The Adult Hypospadias Patient: Technical Challenges in Adulthood
Fig. 8.1 Doral Heinke-Miculikz meatoplasty and Thiersch-Duplay repair for sub-coronal stenotic meatus and deep glans sulcus Li et al’s [6] experience with the repair of hypospadias using a bladder mucosal…
Approach to the Adult Hypospadias Patient
Presenting complaint N Chordee (11 fistula) 41 Urethral stricture + chordee or fistula 35 Lichen Sclerosis (LS) 11 Hairy urethra (stones or retention) 8 Spraying of urine/subterminal meatus 57 Aesthetic concerns ± spraying 59…
Urinary Tract Infections in the Reconstructed Bladder: Evaluation and Treatment Options
Fig. 9.1 Large bladder stones arising in a patient with neurogenic bladder and recurrent UTI The mean time to diagnosis of bladder stones following enterocystoplasty is approximately 5.5 years, and…
