Animal Models of Alcoholic Liver Disease
1.Heavy and steady ethanol intake 2.Physical and metabolic tolerance to ethanol: achieving high BACs which are tolerated by the model 3.Chronicity of ethanol intake: at least 10~25 % of life…
Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Alcoholic Liver Disease
Fig. 1.1 Conceptual model. As alcoholic liver disease progresses from fatty liver to cirrhosis, the risk of complications increases. Death related to these complications can develop at any stage of…
Genetic Basis of Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fig. 7.1 NAFLD and AFLD share similar underlying pathogenic mechanisms and a common underlying genetic component. The cartoon depicts the disease progression of NAFLD and AFLD from normal liver to…
Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Liver Disease
Fig. 3.1 Effects of heavy alcohol use on metabolic and signaling pathways leading to increased hepatic fat synthesis. Heavy alcohol use increases hepatic triglyceride content via increased uptake of fatty…
Current and Emerging Therapies for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Variables Overall n = 293 WL < 5 % n = 205 WL = 5–6.99 % n = 34 WL = 7–9.99 % n = 25 WL ≥ 10 % n = 29 P value** Weight loss (%) 3.8 ± 2.7 1.78 ± 0.16 5.86 ± 0.09 8.16 ± 0.22 13.04 ± 6.6 – Resolution of steatohepatitisa 72…
Treatment of Alcoholic Liver Disease Including Emerging Therapies, Novel Targets, and Liver Transplantation
Energy 25–40 kcal/kg/day, with extra 10 % in patients with ascites Carbohydrate • 50–60 % of total calories • Blood glucose monitoring recommended especially in patients treated with corticosteroids Protein…
Hepatic and Extrahepatic Malignancies in Alcoholic Liver Disease
Fig. 13.1 Oxidative pathways of ethanol metabolism . ADH alcohol dehydrogenase, ALDH aldehyde dehydrogenase, NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH reduced NAD, NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, H 2 O 2…
Clinical Features, Disease Modifiers, and Natural History of Alcoholic Liver Disease
Physical exam findings Symptoms RUQ tenderness 2+ Confusion 1+ RUQ abdominal discomfort 2+ Hepatomegaly 2+ Fever 1+ Weight loss/gain 2+ Ascites 2+ Finger clubbing 1+ Anorexia 2+ Malnutrition and wasting…
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Clinical Features, Disease Modifiers, and Natural History
Symptoms Signs Laboratory features Common – None – Hepatomegaly – Two- to fourfold ↑ of serum ALT and AST – AST/ALT ratio <1 usually – Alkaline phosphatase level ↑ – Normal bilirubin, albumin levels, and prothrombin…
Diagnostic Approaches and Clinical End Points of Treatment in Alcoholic Liver Disease
Fig. 10.1 Spectrum of alcoholic liver disease and main modifying factors. The percentage represents the patients who progress from one stage to the next Alcohol-induced steatosis is characterized by the…
