Fig. 5.1 Representative HRAM pressure topography plots of squeeze during standard (a) vs enhanced (b) instruction and verbal feedback, demonstrating increased pressure and prolongation of squeeze duration (black arrow) (reproduced…
1. Continue medications 2. Fasting is not necessary 3. Cleaning enema at least 30 min before the test 7.1.2 Patient Preparation Patients may continue with their routine medications but the…
Function Investigation Clinical use (utility) Anus Motor Anorectal manometry (conventional) ++++ Anorectal manometry (high resolution) ++++ Anorectal manometry (3D) +++ Electromyography +++ Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency + Structure Endoanal…
HRAM and HDAM Non-HRM Number of sensors Closely spaced more sensors Fewer sensors at wider intervals Display Color contour and line plot Line plot Techniques Stationary examination Pull-through examination…
Fig. 8.1 Normal RAIR. White and black arrows point rectal balloon insufflation and deflation, respectively. The balloon inflation induces an increase in the rectal pressure, shown in the figure as…
Fig. 4.1 In the conventional manometry intraluminal pressures are recorded from widely spaced sensors (3- to 5-cm). (a) In this two-dimensional display pressure is on the y-axis, time is on…
Fig. 2.1 Representative manometric tracing showing an increase in the number of high-amplitude propagated contractions, spanning the colon and preceding the anal sphincter opening that leads to defecation. Abbreviations: T…
Fig. 1.1 Rectum and anal canal. From Zutshi [1] The submucosal layer of anal canal contains hemorrhoidal tissue that is arranged on the whole circumference (360°) of the anal wall…
Fig. 1.1 Gastric electrical activity recorded from electrodes on the serosa at various positions from the fundus to the antrum (A–D). Slow waves are generated in the pacemaker region along…
Fig. 5.1 Injection of dye in order to create a submucosal bleb Fig. 5.2 Creation of a mucosotomy Fig. 5.3 Creation of a submucosal tunnel Fig. 5.4 Division of the…
