Fig. 45.1 MRI showing circumferential resection margin (see red line) Conversely, MRI is excellent in identifying the CRM [9]. Accuracy for MRI depends on understanding the fields of alignment. Inappropriate…
Fig. 24.1 T2-weighted fast spin-echo transverse (a) and coronal (b) MR images and corresponding coronal ADC map (c) obtained using an endovaginal coil in a woman with stage Ib1 tumor….
Fig. 50.1 Conversion (%) according to body mass index (From Denost et al. [27]; used with permission Tumor Staging The TNM system, as defined by the American Joint Committee on…
Fig. 40.1 Eight potential spaces of the pelvis: retropubic space of Retzius, paravesicle spaces (2), vesicovaginal space, pararectal spaces (2), rectovaginal space, and presacral space (Reprinted with permission from: Bristow…
HGSC CCC EC MC LGSC Genetic risk factors BRCA1/2 Lynch syndrome Lynch syndrome None known None known Precursor lesions Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma Endometriosis Endometriosis Not known Serous borderline…
Fig. 33.1 Different types of tumor growth in the cervix (exophytic, endocervical, deep stromal) Early Stages Patients with micro invasive carcinoma stage FIGO IA (stromal invasion ≤5 mm; horizontal extension…
Fig. 56.1 Endoscopic view of a complete clinical response 2. A subtle loss of pliability of the rectal wall harboring the scar; usually observed during manual insufflations at proctoscopy…
Congenital Osseuos Benign Benign Developmental cysts Giant cell tumor Rectal duplication Osteoblastoma Anterior sacral meningocele Aneurysmal bone cyst Adrenal rest tumor Malignant Malignant Osteogenic sarcoma Chordoma Ewing sarcoma Teratocarcinoma Myeloma…
Fig. 48.1 Example of retroflexion view of anal brim. (a) Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (AIN) 0-IIa grade 2 with immunohistochemical stain for p16 positive favoring an HPV-related pathogenesis. (b) AIN lesion…
Patient risk factors Tobacco use Alcohol use Obesity Age >65 ASA > 3 Malnutrition <3.0 Weight >10 % TBW Disease factors Emergent surgery Steroid or immunomodulator use Malignancy Level of…
