Benign intrinsic Malignant intrinsic Iatrogenic injury (i.e., post-surgical) Cholangiocarcinoma Primary sclerosing cholangitis Biliary IPMN Autoimmune cholangiopathy (i.e., IgG4-associated) Biliary involvement of ampullary carcinoma Inflammatory Chloroma Ischemic cholangiopathy Myeloma Fibroinflammtory biliary…
Fig. 17.1 Standard scope length and distance from the mouth to the biliary orifice following surgical alteration of the gastrointestinal tract. BPD biliopancreatic diversion, RYGBP Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure Table…
Fig. 33.1 EUS image of celiac artery ( arrow) and SMA ( arrowhead) taking off from the aorta. (Courtesy Dr. Linda Lee, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA) EUS-Guided Direct…
Fig. 14.1 A flow diagram showing the initial investigations that should be performed for acute pancreatitis. * Smoking is an independent risk factor for AP; † A specific threshold for…
Fig. 34.1 6F cystostome (Endoflex Company) Dilators are required to enlarge the fistula tract following puncture. Bougie (6-7F) or balloon (4–6 mm) dilators such as the Soehendra biliary dilation catheter (Cook…
Fig. 15.1 Pancreatography obtained by ERCP showing a small ventral pancreas (a) and two images showing increasing filling of the dorsal duct via the minor papilla (b, c) Fig. 15.2…
Fig. 8.1 Bismuth and Corlette classification of malignant biliary strictures Targeted unilateral endoscopic drainage using a single stent of MRCP-selected ducts has been associated with a reduced risk of post-ERCP…
Fig. 22.1 Radial echoendoscope Radial echoendoscopes can be subdivided into two types: mechanical and electronic (Table 22.1). The mechanical echoendoscope is the predecessor of the electronic technology and currently Olympus is…
Fig. 5.1 a. ERCP with a smooth eccentric narrowing ( arrows) in the distal biliary tree without evidence of a mobile filling defect or a distinct stone. b. Stent is…
Fig. 10.1 ERCP cholangiogram revealing a variant of a type I choledochal cyst, with cystic dilation of the proximal extrahepatic biliary tree just below the bifurcation. ERCP endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography…
