Hemostasis of Acute Gastric Variceal Bleeding
Fig. 13.1 Large fundal varices in cluster of grapes formation The Sarin classification is commonly used to categorize gastric varices on the basis of their location in the stomach and…
Approach to Acute Cholangitis
Protective mechanism Risk factors compromising protective mechanism Mechanical Sphincter of Oddi Sphincterotomy, biliary stents Tight junction Increased intrabiliary pressures Bacteriostatic Bile flow Increased intrabiliary pressures Bile mucus Bile stasis Bile…
Endoscopic Management of Acute Colonic Obstruction and Pseudo-obstruction
Fig. 17.1 (a) Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction with significantly dilated colon throughout. (b) Colonoscope advancement as far as technically safe and feasible to the right colon. (c) Fluoroscopic placement of colonic…
Periprocedural Management of Antithrombotic Agents
Procedural bleeding risk Thromboembolism risk Low High Low Continue antithrombotic medications Continue antithrombotic medications High Temporarily discontinue antithrombotic medications without bridging therapy Continue antithrombotic medications or temporarily discontinue antithrombotic medication…
Approach to Suspected Small Intestinal Bleeding
Fig. 5.1 Algorithm for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (Reprinted with permission) [38] Role for “Second-Look” Endoscopic Examinations Approximately 20–30 % of patients with acute GI bleeding who undergo capsule endoscopy and/or…
Triage, Sedation and Monitoring
Minimal sedation (anxiolysis) Moderate sedation/analgesia Deep sedation/analgesia General anesthesia Responsiveness Normal response to verbal stimuli Purposeful response to verbal or tactile stimulation Purposeful response after repeated/painful stimulation No response,…
Pediatric Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
Device Manufacturer Comments ERCP cannulation catheters Boston Scientific, ConMed, Mediglobe, Telemed Curved, straight, or tapered tip, 0.018–0.035 in wire Sphincterotomes Cook Medical, Mediglobe, Olympus Limited to double lumen, cannot take…
Essential Cytopathology Concepts for the Endosonographer
Fig. 24.1 The FNA mobile cart is equipped with a double-headed microscope as well as a Diff–Quik setup to stain slides for on-site assessment At a minimum, the endoscopist can…
Diagnosing Biliary Strictures and Indeterminate Biliary Strictures
Benign Malignant Inflammatory Primary Cancer Primary sclerosing cholangitis Pancreatic Chronic pancreatitis Biliary Acute pancreatitis Hepatocellular Recurrent cholangitis Ampullary Gallstone induced Gallbladder Autoimmune (cholangitis or pancreatitis) Iatrogenic Metastatic Cancer Post cholecystectomy…
Subepithelial Lesions
Fig. 28.1 A subepithelial lesion identified in the proximal rectum in a patient with a prior history of sigmoid colon cancer What is the Differential Diagnosis of Subepithelial Lesions? The…
