Abdominal Key

Pancreatic  Gallstone pancreatitis  Infected pancreatic pseudocyst  Infected pancreatic necrosis  Occluded pancreatic stent Biliary  Acute cholangitis  Acute cholecystitis  Bile leak  Hepatic abscess Pancreas In this section, we address acute gallstone pancreatitis,…

Fig. 12.1 Approach to the management of acute esophageal variceal bleeding (EBL, endoscopic band ligation; TIPS, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt) Initial Assessment and Resuscitation In patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal…

Fig. 13.1 Large fundal varices in cluster of grapes formation The Sarin classification is commonly used to categorize gastric varices on the basis of their location in the stomach and…

Protective mechanism Risk factors compromising protective mechanism  Mechanical  Sphincter of Oddi Sphincterotomy, biliary stents  Tight junction Increased intrabiliary pressures Bacteriostatic  Bile flow Increased intrabiliary pressures  Bile mucus Bile stasis  Bile…

Fig. 17.1 (a) Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction with significantly dilated colon throughout. (b) Colonoscope advancement as far as technically safe and feasible to the right colon. (c) Fluoroscopic placement of colonic…

Procedural bleeding risk Thromboembolism risk Low High Low Continue antithrombotic medications Continue antithrombotic medications High Temporarily discontinue antithrombotic medications without bridging therapy Continue antithrombotic medications or temporarily discontinue antithrombotic medication…

Fig. 5.1 Algorithm for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (Reprinted with permission) [38] Role for “Second-Look” Endoscopic Examinations Approximately 20–30 % of patients with acute GI bleeding who undergo capsule endoscopy and/or…