Abdominal Key

Extrarenal loss Renal loss Gastrointestinal losses Na + loss by the normal kidney Vomiting Diuretics Diarrhea Adrenal insufficiency Nasogastric suction Decreased renin production Fistulas Na + loss by the abnormal…

Fig. 3.1 Cellular model for Na+ entry into the first half (early part) of the proximal tubule. Note that many of these mechanisms are also present in the second half…

Fig. 23.1 Mg2+ homeostasis in an adult subject. (Filtered load of Mg2+ equals plasma free Mg2+ concentration of 1.1 mg/dL times GFR of 180 L/day; i.e., 180 L × 11 mg/L = 1,980 mg/day. Note that the intake of…

Cause Mechanism Shift from extracellular to intracellular compartment Glucose Transcellular distribution Insulin Transcellular distribution Catecholamines Transcellular distribution Hyperalimentation Glucose-induced cellular uptake Respiratory alkalosis Transcellular distribution Refeeding syndrome Glucose and insulin-induced…

Form mg/dL Percentage of total Total 10 100 Ionized 5 50 Protein-bound 4 40 Complexed 1 10 Ca2+ plays a significant role in cellular metabolic functions; such as muscle and…

Cause Mechanism Decreased intake Protein-calorie malnutrition Poor Mg2+ intake Starvation Poor Mg2+ intake Prolonged i.v. therapy without Mg2+ Poor Mg2+ intake Chronic alcoholism Possible mechanisms include: (1) poor dietary intake;…

Fig. 20.1 Phosphate homeostasis in an adult subject. (The filtered load of phosphate equals the free plasma concentration of 3.5 mg/dL multiplied by the GFR of 180 L per day, i.e., 180 L × 35 mg/L = 6,300 mg/day.)…

Cause Mechanism Pseudohypocalcemia MRI with contrast agents (gadodiamide and gadoversetamide) interferes with colorimetric determination of Ca2+ Low serum albumin levels (for each gram decrease in serum albumin from 4.0 g/dL, serum…