Acid–base disorder pH Primary change Secondary change Mechanism of secondary change Metabolic acidosis < 7.40 ↓ HCO3 − ↓ pCO2 Hyperventilation Metabolic alkalosis > 7.40 ↑ HCO3 − ↑ pCO2 Hypoventilation Respiratory…
Where Nae + and Ke + are total exchangeable quantities of these cations, and TBW is total body water . Therefore, hyponatremia can develop by an increase in total body…
. Thus, pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the [H+]. An inverse relationship exists between pH and [H+]. In other words, as the pH increases, the [H+] decreases…
Electrolyte Mol wt Valence Eq wt Concentrations Intracellular concentration mg/dL mEq/dL mmol/L mEq/L Cations Na+ 23 1 23 326 142 142 14 K+ 39 1 39 16 4 4 140 Ca2 + a 40…
Chloride-responsive alkalosis Chloride-resistant alkalosis Gastrointestinal (GI)and renal-associated Hypertension-associated Vomiting Primary aldosteronism Nasogastric suction 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 deficiency Congenital chloride diarrhea Licorice, chewing tobacco, carbenoxolone Villous adenoma Fludrocortisone administration Posthypercapnia…
where Nae + and Ke + are total exchangeable quantities of these cations, and TBW is total body water. Therefore, hypernatremia can develop by a deficit in total body water…
Acid–base disorder Clinical setting pH pCO2 a Na+ K+ Cl− HCO3 −a AG Double acid–base disorders Metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis Renal failure (CKD 4 and 5), diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic…
Fig. 14.1 Handling of K+ by various segments of the nephron; 60–80 % of K+ is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and about 25 % by the medullary thick ascending limb…
Electrolyte Use Na+ To assess volume status Differential diagnosis of hyponatremia Differential diagnosis of AKI To assess salt intake in patients with hypertension To evaluate calcium and uric acid excretion…
From the above reaction, excess lactate production can be expected by the following pathophysiologic processes: 1. Increased pyruvate production caused by intravenous (i.v.) glucose or epinephrine infusion, and metabolic or…
