Gallbladder stones CBD stones Cholesterol stone (%) 58.3 31.1 Bilirubin stone Black pigment stone (%) 23.7 11.8 Brown pigment stone (%) 15.9 54.3 Others (%) 2.1 2.8 6.3 Cholesterol…
Fig. 5.1 Molecular diagram of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), nor-ursodeoxycholic acid (NorUDCA), obeticholic acid (OCA), INT-777, cholestyramine, colestipol, colesevelam-HCl, colestimide, and ezetimibe Approximately 90–95% of bile acids (except…
Fig. 8.1 Etiology of PSC Three ulcerative colitis (UC) susceptibility loci associated with PSC, harboring the putative candidate genes REL, IL2, and CARD9, have been identified [6]. A study reported…
Fig. 11.1 Bar charts of five bile acids that are differentially expressed among patients with Child–Pugh A, B, and C cirrhosis. Serum levels of GCA, GCDCA, TCA, TCDCA, and GUDCA…
Fig. 15.1 FXR-dependent metabolic regulation. FXR signaling regulates lipid and glucose metabolism. FXR signaling reduces lipogenesis (SREBP1c) and induces fatty acid β oxidation (PPARα) and plasma TG clearance (LPL and…
Fig. 10.1 Bile acid receptors (FXR, TGR5) and metabolic regulation in the liver. FXR is expressed in hepatocytes in the liver. TGR5 is expressed in LSECs and Kupffer cells in…
Fig. 1.1 Types of bile acids 1.2 Biosynthesis of Bile Acids Two pathways, classical (neutral) pathway and alternative pathway, are known for the biosynthesis of bile acids [1]. Neutral pathway…
Fig. 14.1 The schema of the randomized control study [36]. Eligible criteria included the removal of one or more colorectal adenomas with a diameter of 3 mm or more during a…
© Springer Japan KK 2017Susumu Tazuma and Hajime Takikawa (eds.)Bile Acids in Gastroenterology10.1007/978-4-431-56062-3_13 13. Bile Acids and Esophageal Cancer Juntaro Matsuzaki1 and Hidekazu Suzuki2 (1) Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1…
Fig. 9.1 Simplified scheme of the two major pathways for the synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol and for their recycling. The “neutral” pathway starts with conversion of cholesterol to…
