Metabolism of Bile Acids
Fig. 1.1 Types of bile acids 1.2 Biosynthesis of Bile Acids Two pathways, classical (neutral) pathway and alternative pathway, are known for the biosynthesis of bile acids [1]. Neutral pathway…
Bile Acid and Colorectal Cancer
Fig. 14.1 The schema of the randomized control study [36]. Eligible criteria included the removal of one or more colorectal adenomas with a diameter of 3 mm or more during a…
Bile Acids and Esophageal Cancer
© Springer Japan KK 2017Susumu Tazuma and Hajime Takikawa (eds.)Bile Acids in Gastroenterology10.1007/978-4-431-56062-3_13 13. Bile Acids and Esophageal Cancer Juntaro Matsuzaki1 and Hidekazu Suzuki2 (1) Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1…
Bile Acids and Cholestatic Liver Disease 3: Inborn Errors of Bile Acid Synthesis
Fig. 9.1 Simplified scheme of the two major pathways for the synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol and for their recycling. The “neutral” pathway starts with conversion of cholesterol to…
Bile Acids and Pancreatic Disease
Fig. 12.1 A schema of bile acid signaling in pancreatic acinar cells. Extracellular bile acid enters pancreatic acinar cells through Na+-dependent transporter Ntcp at the luminal membrane and Na+-independent transporter…
Nuclear Receptor Regulation
Fig. 4.1 Nuclear receptors regulate bile acid metabolism. Nuclear receptors that regulate expression of genes involved in bile acid metabolism are shown. FXR, PXR, and VDR respond to bile acids….
Bile Acids and Cholestatic Liver Disease 1: Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC)
1. Elevated cholestatic liver enzymes (e.g., alkaline phosphatase) 2. Detectable antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) in sera 3. The presence of chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis The diagnosis of PBC is made if…
Hepatobiliary Transport of Bile Acids
Fig. 2.1 Bile acid transporters. In hepatocytes, bile acids are absorbed from the sinusoid by NTCP, and in part by OATPs, and are secreted into the bile canaliculus by BSEP….
Invasive Urodynamics
(1) Functional Urology Unit, Casa Madre Fortunata Toniolo, Bologna, Italy There are two principal methods of invasive urodynamic investigation: Conventional urodynamics Ambulatory urodynamics Conventional urodynamics usually take place in…
Noninvasive Urodynamics
(1) Functional Urology Unit, Casa Madre Fortunata Toniolo, Bologna, Italy Classically, noninvasive urodynamics include uroflowmetry and post-void residual assessment. 6.1 Uroflowmetry 6.1.1 Definition Flow is defined by the fluid…
