Abdominal Key

3.1 Generalities The instruments used for the ureteroscopic approach of upper urinary tract conditions are in a continuous evolution. The first ureteroscopes were too large in diameter, their use being…

13.1 Generalities Ureteroscopy in children, in pregnancy, and in patients with reno-ureteral malformations present certain particular aspects regarding the diagnostic algorithm, operative technique, and postoperative follow-up. The difficulties regarding retrograde…

7.1 Generalities Caliceal (or pyelocaliceal) diverticula are intrarenal cavities ( Fig. 7.1 ) lined by urothelium ( Fig. 7.2 ), without secretion, that are passively filled with urine from the intrarenal tracts….

11.1 Generalities Infundibular stenosis is a rare pathological entity that can be congenital or acquired ( ; ). The condition is the result of the obstruction of the caliceal infundibulum…

12.1 Generalities Iatrogenic ureteral lesions can occur as a complication of abdominal surgical procedures, but in most cases they are due to pelvic or retroperitoneal interventions. The incidence of iatrogenic…

5.1 Indications for therapeutic retrograde ureteroscopy The modern indications for therapeutic retrograde ureteroscopic approach can be summarized as follows ( ): • extraction of ureteral calculi regardless of their location…

2.1 Generalities The upper urinary tract, composed of the pyelocaliceal system and the ureter, ensures the function of vector of the urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder through…

1.1 History Initially developed as an extension of cystoscopy, ureteroscopy has become a major technique for the diagnosis and treatment of upper urinary tract disorders. At the end of the…