Thrombotic Microangiopathy Anuja Java General Principles Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a pathologic process caused by thrombotic occlusion of the systemic microvasculature, leading to end-organ ischemia and infarction. TMAs are characterized…
Secondary Glomerular Disease Tingting Li Renal Diseases in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus General Principles Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex, often debilitating, and potentially life-threatening chronic autoimmune disorder that can…
Primary Glomerulopathies Ying Chen General Principles Primary glomerular diseases are a group of disorders in which the main manifestations of disease are directly related to kidney involvement rather than as…
Intrinsic Causes of Acute Kidney Injury Anitha Vijayan Introduction The overall management of a patient with acute kidney injury (AKI), as well as pre and postrenal AKI was covered in…
Approach to the Patient with Acute Kidney Injury Fadi Tohme General Principles Acute kidney injury (AKI) is among the most commonly encountered clinical syndromes in the hospital setting, with an…
Acid–Base Disorders Owais Bhatti Steven Cheng General Principles The body maintains acid–base homeostasis through three primary mechanisms: Chemical buffering by extracellular and intracellular buffers. Controlling pCO2 through modulation of alveolar…
Disorders of Calcium and Phosphorus Balance Miraie Wardi Daniel Coyne General Principles The average daily intake of calcium is widely variable, ranging from 400 to 1500 mg/day, much of which…
Disorders of Potassium Balance Pooja Koolwal Andreas Herrlich General Principles Total body potassium (K+) is about 50 mEq/kg, 98% of which is intracellular. Intracellular [K+] are about 140 mEq/L, approximately…
Disorders of Water Balance Usman Younus Steven Cheng General Principles Disorders of sodium (hypo- or hypernatremia) reflect abnormalities in water homeostasis. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is the key regulator of renal…
Approach to Proteinuria and Hematuria Ryan Kunjal Timothy Yau Proteinuria General Principles Definition The glomerulus functions as a barrier, preventing cells and large particles, such as proteins, from spilling into…
