Key points • Testosterone replacement therapy should only be prescribed to men with both clinical symptoms of androgen deficiency and unequivocally low testosterone levels. • Despite a relatively constant prevalence…
Testosterone supplementation therapy (TST) has become increasingly popular since the turn of the century. Most prescriptions in the U.S. are written by primary care providers, endocrinologists, or urologists. The FDA…
The relationship between obesity and hypogonadism is complicated. The relationship is bidirectional and there are numerous causative and correlative factors on both sides of the equation. Obesity is increasing in…
Key points • Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with altered pituitary–gonadal function. • Serum testosterone (T) has been shown to be lower in men with OSA. • T supplementation…
Varicocele is defined as an excessive dilation of the pampiniform plexus. The association between varicocele and infertility has been well-established as evidenced by negative effects on spermatogenesis. Accumulating evidence now…
Testosterone and sexual function are related. Current evidence suggests that testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) may improve sexual dysfunction. Sexual dysfunction in men who are hypogonadal, mixed, or eugonadal have all…
Changes in understanding regarding the relationship of androgens and prostate cancer have led to changes in the use of testosterone therapy. The evidence supports a finite ability of androgens to…
Male hormonal physiology plays an important role in the function and development of the prostate. Moreover, benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer, two common and bothersome conditions of the prostate,…
Key points • Multiple endogenous causes of hypogonadism may adversely affect a man’s fertility potential. • Fertility potential in the hypogonadal male may be reestablished through medical or surgical therapies,…
There are numerous testosterone formulations now available, and patients and clinicians should take into account the “4 Cs”: cost, compliance, convenience, and concentration levels. Testosterone is a natural contraceptive and…
