Abdominal Key

Each renal artery, as well as its segmental branches near the hilum, also supplies numerous small branches to the perinephric fat, renal fascia, renal capsule, renal pelvis, and ureter. Segmental…

Eventually the veins unite into four to six trunks that converge within the renal sinus, lying anterior but only in a roughly similar pattern to the segmental arteries. Approximately 1…

Anomalies of the Renal Artery. In about two thirds of individuals, a single renal artery passes to each kidney. In the remainder, a variety of anomalies may be seen. Roughly…

Superior. The peritoneum covering the anterosuperior aspect of the bladder reflects onto the abdominal wall to form the paired supravesical fossae of the peritoneal cavity. These fossae are divided by…

Around the ureteric orifices, the muscular coat of each ureter also fans out into the bladder. Some of these muscle fibers cross the midline to unite with strands from the…

Inferior. Except for a variable layer of endopelvic fascia, the neck of the bladder rests directly on the pelvic floor muscles (e.g., levator ani) in females, whereas in males the…

Although the borders between pyramids and renal columns are sharply defined, the pyramids project striations into the cortical arches, known as medullary rays. These striations largely represent collecting ducts (see…

Caudally, fusion of the anterior and posterior layers is incomplete, which allows perinephric fluid to seep into the iliac fossa of the greater pelvis. Likewise, air injected into the presacral…

BLADDER INSERTION The ureters penetrate the thick wall of the bladder about 2.5 cm from the midline. They run in an anteromedial direction within the wall of the bladder and…

The perihilar region of the left kidney contacts the tail of the pancreas, a secondary retroperitoneal organ, without intervening peritoneum. This point of contact occurs posterior to the left extremity…