Abdominal Key

An ectopic ureter may initially be seen on ultrasound, either with or without associated renal (hypo)dysplasia. If there is ureteral obstruction, hydroureteronephrosis will be seen. If an ectopic ureter is…

If a ureterocele is not diagnosed using prenatal ultrasound, it may become apparent during infancy. The most common presentation is a urinary tract infection, which results from urinary stasis in…

TREATMENT If intervention is needed, the ureter can be reconstructed by performing an open or laparoscopic ureteroureterostomy. Regardless of the modality, the basic steps of the procedure are the same….

Of note, VUR also appears to be associated with a variable degree of renal dysplasia that is unrelated to infection. Indeed, both VUR and renal dysplasia could be expected to…

A majority of the children with high-grade primary reflux (grades IV and V) will not experience spontaneous resolution, and thus surgical treatment may be offered to lower the risk of…

The upper-pole collecting system tends to serve about one third of the renal parenchyma. The upper pole ureter generally has a long course within the bladder wall, frequently has an…

During the sixth to eighth weeks of development, the IVC forms through the selective fusion and degeneration of these embryonic vessels. The sacrocardinal veins give rise to the common iliac…

TREATMENT There is no directed treatment for MSK. Patients who experience nephrolithiasis should increase their water intake and may benefit from treatment with thiazides and potassium citrate. When stones occur,…

Type 2 MCKD (also known as familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy) reflects mutations in the UMOD gene, located on chromosome 16p12. This gene encodes uromodulin, also known as Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein, which…

As with ADPKD, no directed treatment is available to prevent or slow cyst formation, and thus care should be directed toward managing complications of renal or hepatic dysfunction. Patients who…