Abdominal Key

5.1 Indications for therapeutic retrograde ureteroscopy The modern indications for therapeutic retrograde ureteroscopic approach can be summarized as follows ( ): • extraction of ureteral calculi regardless of their location…

2.1 Generalities The upper urinary tract, composed of the pyelocaliceal system and the ureter, ensures the function of vector of the urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder through…

1.1 History Initially developed as an extension of cystoscopy, ureteroscopy has become a major technique for the diagnosis and treatment of upper urinary tract disorders. At the end of the…