Neuroanatomy of the Female Pelvis
Fig. 2.1 Neuron – the basic nerve unit Fig. 2.2 Neuronal synapse – release of neurotransmitters at the synaptic cleft In order to communicate, a presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter,…
Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injuries
Type of tear Definition First degree Injury to the perineal skin Second degree Injury to the perineum involving the perineal muscles, but not involving the anal sphincter Third degree Injury…
Bladder Pain Syndrome
Inclusion criteria 1. Cystoscopy – glomerulations and/or classic Hunner’s ulcer 2. Symptoms – bladder pain and/or bladder urgency Exclusion criteria 1. Bladder capacity greater than 350 cc on awake cystometry…
Management of Stress Urinary Incontinence
Fig. 7.1 The retropubic approach of mid-urethral sling, with needle passage from bottom-up (From: Noblett et al. [34]; with permission) Nilsson et al. reported that at 11-year follow-up, objective and…
Overactive Bladder
Drug name Dosage range Oxybutynin 2.5–5 mg IR daily thrice daily 5 or 10 or 15 mg ER daily Tolterodine 4 mg ER daily Solifenacin 5 or 10 mg daily…
Evaluation of Urinary Incontinence
Medication Effect Alpha agonist Urinary retention Alpha blockers Urinary leak Alcohol Frequency, polyuria Anticholinergics Urinary retention/functional incontinence Caffeine Frequency, urgency, polyuria Calcium channel blockers Urinary retention, nocturnal diuresis Diuretics Frequency,…
Neurogenic Bladder
Etiology of neurogenic bladder Brain and spinal cord related: Cerebral palsy Parkinson’s disease Multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Encephalitis Stroke Congenital defects of spinal cord Brain or spinal cord tumors…
Management of Sling Surgery Complications
The next group with urinary retention can empty their bladder but can have varying degrees of voiding problems (hesitancy, straining to void, weak urinary stream, sensation of incomplete emptying) or…
