Abdominal Key

1. Define the terms diabetic nephropathy (DN) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD). The terms DN and DKD are used interchangeably to describe a set of characteristic clinical and pathologic findings….

1. What is membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN)? (MPGN) is a rare form of glomerular disease that occurs in both children and adults. It is characterized by a unique histopathologic feature, namely…

1. What is immunoglobulin a nephropathy (IGAN)? IgAN is a glomerular disease characterized by the deposition of type A immunoglobulin in the mesangial areas of the glomerulus. This leads to…

1. What is membranous nephropathy (MN)? MN is a common immune-mediated glomerular disease that remains the leading cause of nephrotic syndrome in white adults. It is a histologic diagnosis based…

1. What is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis? Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a class of glomerular diseases defined by focal and segmental patterns of scar in the kidney glomeruli. This disease…

1. What are the diagnostic criteria for nephrotic syndrome? Nephrotic syndrome is a syndrome that results from severe proteinuria. Heavy glomerular protein losses (≥3.5 g in an adult or >40…

1. How can chronic kidney disease (CKD) alter the pharmacokinetic behavior of most drugs? CKD directly and indirectly affects the pharmacokinetic properties of most drugs. Alterations of drug pharmacokinetics in…

1. How do you recognize progressive kidney failure? Progressive kidney failure is recognized by an increasing serum creatinine over time. However, some patients may have a normal creatinine early in…

1. What is malnutrition? To define malnutrition, an expert panel of the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM) has recommended the use of the term “protein-energy wasting” (PEW)…

1. What is the typical lipid profile in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)? Dyslipidemias are common in patients with CKD, those on dialysis (both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis), and…