Renal Cryosurgery
Preliminaries Indications Current technology ideally works best for tumor size less than 3.5 cm. Tumors between 3.5 and 4.5 cm will likely require additional probes and run a greater risk of incomplete…
Anatomic Basis for Renal Endoscopy
Pelvicalyceal System: Endourologic Implications Anatomic Background To assist endourologists in making a mental image of the collecting system in three dimensions and learning the exact spatial position of the calices,…
Percutaneous Renal Access
Percutaneous renal access was first described in 1955 by Goodwin and colleagues for the purpose of relieving obstruction in a hydronephrotic kidney. Rapid evolution of the techniques for percutaneous renal…
Laparoscopic Live Donor Nephrectomy
Preoperative Preparation and Planning Renal transplantation is currently the best long-term treatment option for patients with end-stage renal disease. Laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy is considerably more appealing to potential donors…
Open Pyeloplasty
Preoperative Planning and Preparation Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction can present symptomatically or as a serendipitous radiologic finding in a fetus/newborn or asymptomatic patient. Initial imaging, most commonly by sonogram or…
Repair of Renal Injuries
The frequency and indication for renal exploration and repair have dramatically decreased with the ease and accuracy of computed tomography (CT) renal staging. Complex kidney fractures, deep lacerations, and types…
Surgery for Renal Vascular Disease and Principles of Vascular Repair
Renovascular disorders comprise several conditions that affect the renal arterial circulation. The majority of these conditions result in stenoses of the renal artery due to heterogeneous causes including atherosclerosis, fibrous…
Percutaneous Endopyeloplasty
Endopyelotomy has been widely used for the management of selected patients with ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction. Endopyelotomy, which is associated with a 10%–15% failure rate, is based on the principle…
Surgery of the Horseshoe Kidney
Embryology Horseshoe kidney is the most common renal fusion abnormality of the genitourinary tract, characterized by the anatomic abnormalities of vascular changes, ectopia, and malrotation. It is composed of two…
Endoscopic Management of Ureteral Strictures
Patient Selection and Preoperative Planning Proper preoperative patient selection and planning plays a paramount role in optimizing outcomes after antegrade endoscopic management of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). Indications for surgical…
