Disorders of Water Balance: Physiology
Stimuli Response Osmotic Increase in plasma osmolality ↑ Decrease in plasma osmolality ↓ Nonosmotic Decrease in volume or blood pressure ↑ Increase in volume or blood pressure ↓ Nausea ↑…
Evaluation of an Acid–Base Disorder
Acid–base disorder pH Primary change Secondary change Mechanism of secondary change Metabolic acidosis < 7.40 ↓ HCO3 − ↓ pCO2 Hyperventilation Metabolic alkalosis > 7.40 ↑ HCO3 − ↑ pCO2 Hypoventilation Respiratory…
Disorders of Water Balance: Hyponatremia
Where Nae + and Ke + are total exchangeable quantities of these cations, and TBW is total body water . Therefore, hyponatremia can develop by an increase in total body…
Acid–Base Physiology
. Thus, pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the [H+]. An inverse relationship exists between pH and [H+]. In other words, as the pH increases, the [H+] decreases…
Metabolic Alkalosis
Chloride-responsive alkalosis Chloride-resistant alkalosis Gastrointestinal (GI)and renal-associated Hypertension-associated Vomiting Primary aldosteronism Nasogastric suction 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 deficiency Congenital chloride diarrhea Licorice, chewing tobacco, carbenoxolone Villous adenoma Fludrocortisone administration Posthypercapnia…
Body Fluid Compartments
Electrolyte Mol wt Valence Eq wt Concentrations Intracellular concentration mg/dL mEq/dL mmol/L mEq/L Cations Na+ 23 1 23 326 142 142 14 K+ 39 1 39 16 4 4 140 Ca2 + a 40…
Disorders of Water Balance: Hypernatremia
where Nae + and Ke + are total exchangeable quantities of these cations, and TBW is total body water. Therefore, hypernatremia can develop by a deficit in total body water…
Mixed Acid–Base Disorders
Acid–base disorder Clinical setting pH pCO2 a Na+ K+ Cl− HCO3 −a AG Double acid–base disorders Metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis Renal failure (CKD 4 and 5), diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic…
Disorders of Potassium: Physiology
Fig. 14.1 Handling of K+ by various segments of the nephron; 60–80 % of K+ is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and about 25 % by the medullary thick ascending limb…
Interpretation of Urine Electrolytes and Osmolality
Electrolyte Use Na+ To assess volume status Differential diagnosis of hyponatremia Differential diagnosis of AKI To assess salt intake in patients with hypertension To evaluate calcium and uric acid excretion…
