Uremic toxins Effects on immune cells Low molecular weight (LMW) toxins Phenylacetic acid (PAA) Macrophages: inducible nitric oxide synthase PMNLs: oxidative burst, phagocytosis, increased integrin expression, and decreased apoptosis Dinucleoside…
Domains Tests Global cognition Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) The Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) The Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL) cognitive function subscale (KDOQL-SF) Mini-cog Memory…
!DOCTYPE html> © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020J. Yang, W. He (eds.)Chronic Kidney Diseasehttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9131-7_11 11. Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder, Vitamin D Deficiency, and Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Mingxia Xiong1 (1) Centre for Kidney…
Fig. 10.1 Flowchart for the evaluation of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. TIBC total iron-binding capacity; TSAT transferrin saturation; SF serum ferritin; ESA erythropoiesis-stimulating agent Key Messages KDIGO…
Fig. 2.1 Schematic presentation for cellular events involved in the progression of chronic kidney disease 2.2 Glomerulosclerosis Each normal glomerulus is a tuft of small blood vessels called capillaries situated…
Traditional risk factors Nontraditional risk factors Hemodynamic factors Metabolic factors Old age Volume overload Proteinuria Male sex Anemia Chronic inflammatory state Menopause Arteriovenous fistula Malnutrition Smoking habit Arteriosclerosis Disorders of…
Classification of aspects Aspects of management Medications • Selection and adjustment of immunosuppressant and other medications for CKD (Table 5.2) • Low-molecular-weight heparin, which is recommended to prevent thrombosis in patients with…
Tubuli and interstitium Nephrotoxins • Contrast • Medications • Hemolysis • Rhabdomyolysis • Myeloma Allergic reaction • NSAID • Antibiotics • Proton pump inhibitors • 5-ASA Ischemia Sepsis Local infection Tumor lysis syndrome Glomerulus Inflammatory systemic disease involving kidney…
• Albuminuria (AER ≥30 mg/24 h; ACR ≥30 mg/g [≥3 mg/mmol]) • Urinary sediment abnormality • Electrolyte and other abnormalities due to tubular disorders • Abnormalities detected by histology • Structural abnormalities detected by imaging • History of kidney transplantation…
