Abdominal Key

Miscellaneous Esophageal Disorders Esophageal Diverticula Esophageal diverticula are out-pouchings of the esophageal wall. They may contain all histologic sections of the wall or may lack the muscularis layer. These can…

Procedures Introduction Advances in technology over the past several years have enabled those interested in the aerodigestive tract to perform a wide array of procedures in the outpatient environment without…

Neoplasia Introduction Most esophageal tumors are malignant. All esophageal lesions, benign or malignant, typically grow to a fairly large size before causing symptoms. The esophageal lumen usually needs to be…

Barrett’s Metaplasia Introduction Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is a replacement of the distal esophageal squamous mucosa with columnar-lined epithelium of both gastric and intestinal types (1). Today, Barrett’s esophagus is defined…

Hiatal Hernia Hiatal hernias (HH) are frequently encountered during routine transnasal esophagoscopy (TNE). The prevalence of hiatal hernia increases with age. Although the existence of a HH does not itself…

Webs and Rings The majority of esophageal webs and rings are found incidentally during esophagoscopy and are of no clinical significance. In certain individuals, however, they can be an important…

Esophagitis Introduction Esophagitis is one of the most common findings encountered during transnasal esophagoscopy (TNE). It has several etiologies, including acid reflux, foreign bodies (e.g., pills), infection, allergy, caustic injury,…

Normal Transnasal Esophagoscopy The esophagus is a muscular tube that originates in the pharynx and terminates in the stomach. It begins at the level of the 6th cervical vertebrae at…

Technique and Endoscopic Anatomy of Nasal Cavity and Hypopharynx Introduction Transnasal esophagoscopy (TNE) is performed by placing a small-caliber, flexible endoscope via the nose into the hypopharynx and then into…