Abdominal Key

Introduction Routine endoscopy is primarily limited to examination of the duodenal bulb and second portion of the duodenum, with an occasional glimpse of the third portion. With the availability of…

Introduction Video endoscopic technology has simplified the mechanics of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Identification of anatomic landmarks such as the entrance into the stomach, the incisura angularis (gastric notch), and…

Introduction Management of diseases of the anorectum has traditionally been relegated to the proctologist, often a surgeon. The ease of sigmoidoscopy and the advent of video technology have provided the…

Introduction The colon can be divided into six segments both anatomically and endoscopically. Unlike in the stomach, the histology of the colon is relatively uniform. These segments can be divided…

Introduction The stomach functions to store food and begin the process of digestion. It can be divided physiologically, anatomically, and endoscopically. Upon entering the stomach, one looks directly toward the…

Introduction The esophagus is a muscular tube 20 to 23 cm in length, functioning as a conduit from the oropharynx to the stomach. It begins at the level of the…

Introduction The oropharynx is the gateway to the proximal gastrointestinal tract. Although visualized daily by endoscopists, a thorough examination may not be routine. With the expanding patient base of immunocompromised…