Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology The precise incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE) is unknown; it is estimated to be in the range of 1 to 3 in 1000 individuals….

Key Concepts Print Section Listen The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) consists of a genomic region that encodes a large and diverse group of proteins that are expressed on all cells….

Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Pericarditis and pericardial effusions have many etiologies, including inflammation, infection, immunologic disorders, malignancy, myxedema, uremia, pregnancy, aortic dissection, cardiac rupture, trauma, myocardial infarction, cirrhosis,…

Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Heart failure increases as the population ages and becomes increasingly obese. It can be acute or chronic, and systolic or diastolic. Pathophysiology Heart failure…

Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) affects about 2 percent of the general population. It is strongly correlated to age and the prevalence increases to 10 to…

Key Concepts Print Section Listen There are an estimated 5.8 million people in the United States with heart failure.1 Stem cell therapy for the heart represents a novel method by…

Key Concepts Print Section Listen Advantages of repair vs replacement Degenerative disease of the mitral valve is a surgically treatable entity, when repaired leading to improved quality of life and…

Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology The overall incidence of infective endocarditis in the general population ranges from 3 to 11 cases per 100,000 person-years. The most common underlying conditions…

Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Six to ten percent of patients develop cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction. Mitral regurgitation (MR) occurs in 8 to 50 percent of patients after…

Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Aortic aneurysms were the 15th most common cause of death in the United States in the year 2000. Among patients who die of thoracic…