© The Author(s) 2016Alaa Hamada, Sandro C. Esteves and Ashok AgarwalVaricocele and Male InfertilitySpringerBriefs in Reproductive Biology10.1007/978-3-319-24936-0_7 7. Varicocele in Adolescents Alaa Hamada1  , Sandro C. Esteves2   and Ashok Agarwal3   (1) TUFTS Medical School/St. Elizabeths Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA…

© The Author(s) 2016Alaa Hamada, Sandro C. Esteves and Ashok AgarwalVaricocele and Male InfertilitySpringerBriefs in Reproductive Biology10.1007/978-3-319-24936-0_10 10. Cost-Effectiveness of Varicocele Treatment Alaa Hamada1  , Sandro C. Esteves2   and Ashok Agarwal3   (1) TUFTS Medical School/St. Elizabeths Medical Center, Boston, MA,…

Levels of evidence 1a Evidence obtained from meta-analysis of randomized trials 1b Evidence obtained from at least one randomized trial 2a Evidence obtained from one well-designed controlled study without randomization…

# Author, year and reference OS marker Evidence Study group (N) Controls (N) Results A. Seminal OS markers 1. Hendin et al. 1999 [104] Seminal ROS (by CL) Direct Infertile…

© The Author(s) 2016Alaa Hamada, Sandro C. Esteves and Ashok AgarwalVaricocele and Male InfertilitySpringerBriefs in Reproductive Biology10.1007/978-3-319-24936-0_9 9. Varicocele and Azoospermia Alaa Hamada1  , Sandro C. Esteves2   and Ashok Agarwal3   (1) TUFTS Medical School/St. Elizabeths Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA…

Studies Patients no Design Therapy Diagnostic method Outcomes Unal 2001 [244] 42 infertile men with subclinical varicocele RCT Group 1: (n = 21) Clomiphene citrate Group 2 (n = 21) Varicocele repair CDU Sperm…

Fig. 1.1 Photograph of a large left varicocele seen through the scrotal skin (left). Illustration of varicose veins on the left spermatic cord as compared to normal sized-veins on the…

Study Patients Postoperative markers of oxidative stress Postoperative antioxidants Conclusions Mostafa et al. (2001) [64] n = 68 men undergoing varicocelectomy At 3 and 6 months, seminal malondialdehyde (both P = 0.0001), H2O2 (both…