New Insights Into the Pathogenesis of Renal Calculi
The pathophysiology of the various forms of urinary stone disease remains a complex topic. Epidemiologic research and the study of urine and serum chemistries have created an abundance of data…
UROLOGY
Metabolic Evaluation of First-time and Recurrent Stone Formers
Evaluation of stone formers should include careful attention to medications, past medical history, social history, family history, dietary evaluation, occupation, and laboratory evaluation. Laboratory evaluation requires at least serum chemistries…
Restaging Transurethral Resection for Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer
The rate of clinical understaging in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) after an initial transurethral resection (TUR) is significant, particularly for high-grade disease, and this has a major impact on…
Optimal Risk-Adapted Surveillance Strategies for NMIBC, Including Upper Tract Imaging
Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) represents approximately 70% of all incident cases of bladder cancer. The financial burden of NMIBC continues to increase, underscoring the importance of efficient, evidence-based management…
Diagnostically Challenging Cases
This article addresses the spectrum of atypia and dysplasia within the bladder epithelium and the diagnostic categories developed to further classify challenging lesions. In addition, the effects of inflammation, specific…
New Imaging Techniques for Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer
Treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMBIC) requires direct visual appreciation of the tumor. Transurethral resection that is dependent solely on white light cystoscopy (WLC) often fails to accurately stage…
The Costs of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer is a common diagnosis, affecting 70,000 Americans each year. Because the diagnosis, management, and long-term follow-up of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer requires advanced imaging and invasive testing, economic…
The Conundrum of Prostatic Urethral Involvement
The presence and depth of urothelial cancer involvement in the prostatic urethra can significantly affect the management of a patient with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. This article presents an overview…
Determining the Role of Cystectomy for High-grade T1 Urothelial Carcinoma
High-grade T1 (HGT1) urothelial carcinoma is an invasive disease with high predisposition for recurrence and progression. The optimal treatment of HGT1 disease remains controversial. Clinical HGT1 disease represents a heterogeneous…
Strategies for Optimizing Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
For treating patients with superficial bladder cancer and a moderate-to-high risk of tumor recurrence or progression, intravesical BCG has been the key development of the last generation. However, BCG has…
