Disorders of Calcium and Phosphorus Balance
Disorders of Calcium and Phosphorus Balance Miraie Wardi Daniel Coyne General Principles The average daily intake of calcium is widely variable, ranging from 400 to 1500 mg/day, much of which…
NEPHROLOGY
Disorders of Potassium Balance
Disorders of Potassium Balance Pooja Koolwal Andreas Herrlich General Principles Total body potassium (K+) is about 50 mEq/kg, 98% of which is intracellular. Intracellular [K+] are about 140 mEq/L, approximately…
Disorders of Water Balance
Disorders of Water Balance Usman Younus Steven Cheng General Principles Disorders of sodium (hypo- or hypernatremia) reflect abnormalities in water homeostasis. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is the key regulator of renal…
Approach to Proteinuria and Hematuria
Approach to Proteinuria and Hematuria Ryan Kunjal Timothy Yau Proteinuria General Principles Definition The glomerulus functions as a barrier, preventing cells and large particles, such as proteins, from spilling into…
Assessment of Kidney Function
Assessment of Kidney Function Fizza Abbas Steven Cheng General Principles Assessing kidney function is a critical step in the recognition and monitoring of acute and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidney…
Hematologic malignancies
Paraneoplastic glomerulopathy in hematologic malignancies Paraneoplastic syndromes in the context of hematologic malignancies have been reported among multiple organ systems, including the nervous system, skin, bone marrow, and kidneys. Paraneoplastic…
Kidney disease in leukemia
Introduction Leukemia is a group of hematologic malignancies derived from bone marrow cells, respectively. Although not as common as solid organ malignancies, the prevalence is estimated to be greater than…
Kidney disease in lymphoma
Introduction Lymphoma is a hematologic malignancy caused by the abnormal proliferation of lymphoid cells. An estimated 80,000 people will be diagnosed with lymphoma in the United States in 2018. Because…
Renal infections in cancer patients
Introduction Epidemiology Cancer patients are at a higher risk of infections with a mean annual incidence rate of 1465 cases per 100,000 cancer patients and a relative risk [RR] of…
Incidence of cancer and screening recommendations
Introduction The purpose of cancer screening is to identify treatable cancers early to improve survival. Effective cancer screening therefore depends on cancer occurrence and risk, the availability and effectiveness of…
