Cow’s milk allergy Antonio Nieto MD, PhD Angel Mazón MD Introduction Allergy to cow’s milk (CM) proteins appears mainly in infants and persists for several months or years, or may…

Gastrointestinal bleeding George Gershman MD, PhD Introduction Bleeding from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in infants and children is always stressful and frightening for patients and their parents and challenging for…

Abdominal pain in childhood Iñaki X. Irastorza Terradillos MD Juan C. Vitoria Cormenzana MD, PhD Introduction Abdominal pain is one of the most challenging symptoms in paediatric practice. Often imprecise,…

Constipation Carolina Gutiérrez MD Jerónimo Gonzálvez MD Definition and aetiology Constipation can be defined as the delay or difficulty in defecation occurring for ≥2 weeks and causing significant distress to…

Diarrhoea ACUTE DIARRHOEA Enriqueta Román Riechmann MD Definition Diarrhoea is a change in the individual bowel habit resulting in more frequent and/or looser stools. It expresses an acute gastrointestinal inflammation…

Vomiting José M Moreno-Villares MD María José Galiano Segovia MD Introduction Vomiting is a complex behaviour composed of three linked activities: nausea, retching, and expulsion of stomach contents. The vomiting…

Failure to thrive in infants and children José M Moreno-Villares MD Antonio Monica Guerra MD Introduction Evaluation of growth and development in the primary care setting is a cornerstone of…