(1) Esophageal and Swallowing Center, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH, USA Carla Maradey-Romero Email: ronnie.fass@gmail.com KeywordsErosive esophagitisGastroesophageal refluxHeartburnProton pump inhibitors Histamine 2…
(1) Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Barnes-Jewish Hospital/Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8124, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, 63110 St. Louis, MO, USA Amit Patel Email: cprakash@wustl.edu KeywordsGastroesophageal…
(1) Divison of Gastroentrology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Suite H210, Memphis, TN, USA Ali Akbar Email: chowden@uthsc.edu KeywordsGERDObesityLifestyle modificationSmokingAlcoholDiet The Montreal consensus conference defined gastroesophageal reflux disease…
Miscellaneous Esophageal Disorders Esophageal Diverticula Esophageal diverticula are out-pouchings of the esophageal wall. They may contain all histologic sections of the wall or may lack the muscularis layer. These can…
Procedures Introduction Advances in technology over the past several years have enabled those interested in the aerodigestive tract to perform a wide array of procedures in the outpatient environment without…
Barrett’s Metaplasia Introduction Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is a replacement of the distal esophageal squamous mucosa with columnar-lined epithelium of both gastric and intestinal types (1). Today, Barrett’s esophagus is defined…
Hiatal Hernia Hiatal hernias (HH) are frequently encountered during routine transnasal esophagoscopy (TNE). The prevalence of hiatal hernia increases with age. Although the existence of a HH does not itself…
Webs and Rings The majority of esophageal webs and rings are found incidentally during esophagoscopy and are of no clinical significance. In certain individuals, however, they can be an important…
Esophagitis Introduction Esophagitis is one of the most common findings encountered during transnasal esophagoscopy (TNE). It has several etiologies, including acid reflux, foreign bodies (e.g., pills), infection, allergy, caustic injury,…
