Category Description Japanese viewpoint Category 1 Negative for neoplasia/dysplasia a Category 2 Indefinite for neoplasia/dysplasia a Category 3 Non-invasive low-grade neoplasia (low-grade adenoma/dysplasia) a Category 4 Non-invasive high-grade neoplasia 4.1…
Intraepithelial neoplasia Intervals for follow-up endoscopy None 2–3 years Low grade 6 months, then every 12 months as long as low-grade dysplasia persists High grade Mucosal irregularity Endoscopic resection Inconspicuous…
Fig. 5.1 The layered structure of gastric and colonic wall (Modified from Yamanaka [2]; m mucosa, sm submucosa, pm muscularis propria, ad adventitia, s/ss subserosa/serosa, ep lamina epithelialis, gl glands,…
Fig. 3.1 Basic resection techniques of mucosal neoplasias by electrosnaring (a) or expanded snaring techniques (b, c, d, endoscopic mucosal resection EMR). Larger lesions (>20 mm) are only resectable in…
Fig. 1.1 Cumulative incidence of CRC by age in different risk groups: FDR, first degree relative; HNPCC, hereditary non-polyposis coli cancer; FAP, familial adenomatous polyposis coli (Modified acc. to Winawer…
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common and frequently fatal disease in North America. A multidisciplinary approach to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease is essential. There have been…
Radiation therapy (RT) has been used to treat cancers for more than a century. Recent randomized trials have helped clarify the treatment recommendations in the use of RT for colorectal…
Colonoscopic polypectomy is the most effective visceral cancer prevention tool in clinical medicine. In general, risks associated with the technique of polyp removal should match the likelihood that the polyp…
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the second leading cause of cancer mortality among men, and the third leading cause among women. Worldwide, CRC is the fourth most common cancer with approximately…
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. Colonoscopic screening with removal of adenomatous polyps in individuals at average risk is known…
