Pancreatitis
Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis Pancreatitis is more prevalent in children than previously believed. The diagnosis of pancreatitis has increased over the last decade, and large children’s hospitals treat 100 to…
GASTROENTEROLOGY
Nutritional Assessment
Nutritional assessment is an integral part of the clinical care of children with gastrointestinal disorders, as nutritional status can affect response to illness and outcome. Given the complex processes of…
Management of Diarrhea
Hippocrates was the first to define the term “diarrhea” literally from the Greek “rhea” (to flow) and “dia” (through). Diarrhea is classified as acute or chronic (lasting more than 2…
Effects of Digestive Diseases on Bone Metabolism
The skeleton has a variety of functions, including mechanical support, protection of soft tissues, locomotion, hematopoiesis, acid–base buffering, and serving as the largest reservoir for calcium and phosphate in the…
Nutrition and Feeding for Children with Developmental Disabilities
Patients with neurologic motor conditions, such as cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophies, are a unique and challenging patient population who commonly experience malnutrition and growth failure. Although each patient and…
Enteral Nutrition
The preferred route for the nutritional support of a sick child is via the alimentary canal. Enteral alimentation provides the most acceptable and effective method for maintaining and repleting the…
Parenteral Nutrition
Parenteral nutrition (PN) is the intravenous administration of nutrients necessary for the maintenance of life. The nutrient components of PN include dextrose, amino acids, fat, electrolytes, multivitamins, and trace elements….
Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are a rare group of neoplasms, especially in children and adolescents, with an estimated incidence of 0.18 cases per million in individuals younger than 19 years…
Pancreatic Development
Buds Form and Fuse The pancreas arises early in gestation from the posterior foregut endoderm. A dorsal and a ventral bud first form before migrating and eventually fusing to form…
Diseases of the Gallbladder
Gallbladder disease in children has evolved over the last 25 years. Improved diagnostic modalities, such as abdominal ultrasound, have led to “incidental” or “silent” gallstones being detected more often in…