Reference n Mean age (range) Number of reflux episodes/24 h Reflux index (% time pH < 4) (%) Infants Vandenplas et al. [14] 509 2 months (0–11 month) 73 11.7…

Diagnostic criteriaa must include all of the following: 1. Excessive air swallowing 2. Abdominal distention due to intraluminal air which increases during the day 3. Repetitive belching and/or increased flatus 4. After appropriate evaluation,…

Fig. 13.1 Schematic diagram of a barostat and catheter Because visceral sensitivity relies on wall pressure and not on volume of the organ [1, 2], sensory thresholds should be expressed…

Fig. 11.1 (a) HRM color plot of a normal liquid swallow in a 5-year-old child. Pressure is an indication according to color code illustrated. (b) Lateral radiological view of the…

and Nikhil Thapar3   (1) Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (2) Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK (3) Division of Neurogastroenterology and…

Central effects   1. Reduces pain perception at the sensory cortex   2. Reduces anxiety, hyper-vigilance, and increased stress responsiveness   3. Treats associated psychiatric disorders—depression, PTSD, somatization   4. Treats sleep disorders   5….

Fig. 1.1 The organization of the ENS of human and medium–large mammals . The ENS has ganglionated plexuses, the myenteric plexus between the longitudinal and circular layers of the external…

Autonomic test Receptor Afferent Integrating center Efferent signal Deep breathing Pulmonary stretch J-receptors Vagus nerve Nucleus tractus solitarius Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNX) to vagus nerve Valsalva maneuver…

Fig. 30.1 Patient with history of gastroschisis resulting in short bowel syndrome with persistent abdominal distension (a) and feeding intolerance after STEP. Antroduodenal manometry demonstrated adequate small bowel motility after…

Fig. 5.1 Structural relationship between the luminal and mucosal microbiota and the enteric nervous system (From Reigstad CS, Kashyap PC. Beyond phylotyping: understanding the impact of gut microbiota on host…