Chapter 6 – Analgesia and Anaesthesia for Hysteroscopy
Abstract Pain is subjective. The level of pain a person experiences is affected not only by the painful stimulus but also by the person’s psychological interpretation of the pain and…
Chapter 3 – Infrastructure and Instrumentation for Hysteroscopy
Abstract The first part of this chapter has been written with the patient’s journey in mind: from the time of presentation to the general practitioner (GP) with a problem such…
Chapter 2 – Anatomy and Physiology of the Uterus
Abstract The uterus is the primary female reproductive organ. It is situated within the pelvis and measures approximately 8 cm in length, 4 cm in width and 5 cm in depth in the…
Chapter 1 – An Introduction to Hysteroscopy
Abstract Over the ages, clinicians have tried to decipher the mysteries of the human body by exploiting natural openings to examine the internal aspects of organs. Since as far back…
Chapter 9 – Normal Oesophageal, Gastric and Duodenal Mucosa
Abstract The upper gastrointestinal tract consists of oesophagus, stomach, and duodenum. These are distinct from one another histologically. The lining of the oesophagus consists mainly of non-keratinising stratified squamous epithelium,…
Chapter 22 – Mimics of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Abstract Histological support for a diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) requires characteristic features, e.g. basal plasmacytosis, architectural changes, and granulomas. Unfortunately, many conditions share histological features with IBD. One…
Chapter 18 – Infectious Disorders of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
Abstract Infectious diseases of the lower gastrointestinal tract are caused by a vast array of viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic organisms. Pathologists are often called upon to distinguish infectious enterocolitis…
Chapter 21 – Inflammatory Bowel Disease Diagnosis
Abstract Biopsy assessment of chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is important for diagnosis, classification, determination of activity, documentation of anatomical extent and distribution, detection of complications, and diagnosis and…
Chapter 19 – Jejunitis and Ileitis
Abstract The small intestine has three structural parts: duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The jejunum and ileum are about 2.5 m long and 3 m long respectively in adults and form…
Chapter 17 – Normal Lower Gastrointestinal Mucosa
Abstract The lower gastrointestinal tract consists of ileum, vermiform appendix, colon, and rectum. The main epithelial cell types are absorptive cells, goblet cells, Paneth cells and endocrine cells. Structurally the…
