Pathophysiology and Management of Respiratory and Mixed Acid-Base Disorders Seth B. Furgeson William D. Kaehny Respiratory acid-base disorders are caused by primary changes from normal excretion of carbon dioxide (CO2)…
Pathogenesis and Management of Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis Zeid J. Khitan Joseph I. Shapiro Acid-base disorders occur commonly in clinical medicine. Although the degree of acidosis or alkalosis that results…
Disorders of Water Homeostasis Tomas Berl Robert W. Schrier Historical and Evolutionary Aspects of Renal Concentrating and Diluting Processes In From Fish to Philosopher, Smith (1) suggested that the concentrating…
Renal Sodium Excretion, Edematous Disorders, and Diuretic Use Robert W. Schrier An understanding of body fluid volume regulation, as modulated by renal sodium and water excretion, is critical for the…
Polyposis and Hereditary Cancer Syndromes Amy E. Noffsinger ▪ POLYPOSIS SYNDROMES Introduction Polyps may develop anywhere throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) system and arise either as sporadic lesions or as part…
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Ilyssa O. Gordon Chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes two chronic gastrointestinal (GI) disorders of unknown etiology: ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease (CD). The natural…
Motility Disorders Amy E. Noffsinger Normal gastrointestinal motility depends on intact neuromuscular function including both intrinsic and extrinsic innervation, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), and the activity of smooth and…
The Nonneoplastic Small Intestine Jonathan N. Glickman ▪ EMBRYOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT There are two major steps in gastrointestinal (GI) development: the formation of the gut tube and the formation of…
Neoplastic Appendix Amy E. Noffsinger Appendiceal tumors constitute less than 0.4% of all intestinal neoplasms. Pathologically, they resemble their small and large intestinal counterparts. The most significant difference between appendiceal…
Nonneoplastic Diseases of the Appendix Amy E. Noffsinger ▪ NORMAL EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT The cecum appears during the 5th fetal week, arising as a diverticulum from the distal primitive intestinal loop…
