Transport of Sodium, Chloride, and Potassium

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Transport of Sodium, Chloride, and Potassium
KEY POINTS • Claudin-10 may modulate the paracellular permeability of sodium along the thick ascending limb. Claudin-10 mutations cause salt-wasting with hypokalemic alkalosis in humans. • Through modulation of the…
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Disorders of Sodium Balance

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Disorders of Sodium Balance
Key Points • Sodium content of the extracellular compartment is a key determinant of circulatory integrity. • Cumulative surfeits and deficits of body sodium, respectively, increase (hypervolemia) and decrease (hypovolemia)…
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Urine Concentration and Dilution

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Urine Concentration and Dilution
Key Points • Nephron segments and vasculature in the renal medulla are arranged in complex but specific anatomic relationships, both in terms of which segment leads to the next segment…
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Kidney Metabolism

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Kidney Metabolism
Key Points • The kidney has one of the highest specific metabolic rates among all organs. At the level of the whole organ, the major sources of energy for the…
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Transport of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Transport of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate
Key Points • The renal tubular transport of minerals is under the tight regulation of key hormonal systems, including parathyroid hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23). These…
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Renal Handling of Organic Solutes

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Renal Handling of Organic Solutes
Key Points • In a normoglycemic adult, the kidneys filter 160–180 g/day of glucose (∼30% of daily energy expenditure), which is reabsorbed by the sodium glucose cotransporter SGLT2 (∼97%) and…
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Renal Acidification Mechanisms

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Renal Acidification Mechanisms
Key Points • The reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate is critical for acid-base homeostasis because it prevents the loss of a substantial quantity of bicarbonate in the urine. However, it does…
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Embryology of the Kidney

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Embryology of the Kidney
Key points • The development of the kidney depends on the triadic interactions among three types of progenitors: the nephron progenitor, the ureteric bud, and the stromal progenitor. • The…
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