Electron Microscopy
Electron Microscopy Taofic Mounajjed, MD 5.1 INTRODUCTION The rise of immunohistochemical, molecular, and serologic techniques in pathology over the past decades has somewhat sidelined certain diagnostic uses of the more…
Basic Patterns of Injury in Medical Liver Pathology
Basic Patterns of Injury in Medical Liver Pathology Roger K. Moreira, MD A pattern of injury represents individual histologic findings that cluster into a meaningful and recognizable histologic pattern. Identification…
The Language of Liver Pathology: Definitions of Key Terms
The Language of Liver Pathology: Definitions of Key Terms Michael S. Torbenson, MD 3.1 INTRODUCTION Like all medical disciplines, liver pathology has its own vocabulary used to describe histological findings….
Immunohistochemistry and Special Stains in Liver Pathology
Immunohistochemistry and Special Stains in Liver Pathology Michael S. Torbenson, MD 4.1 OVERVIEW This chapter considers special stains used in medical liver specimens and is organized into the following sections:…
Gross Processing of Liver Specimens
Gross Processing of Liver Specimens Roger K. Moreira, MD 2.1 GROSS ANATOMY Weight The normal human liver varies significantly in size, with an average weight of approximately 1,500 g (ranging…
The Normal Liver
The Normal Liver Samar Said, MD 1.1 GROSS ANATOMY The liver is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, under the diaphragm. It has a smooth surface and…
Retrograde Ureteroscopy in the Treatment of Upper Urinary Tract Lithiasis
6.1 Generalities Ureteral calculi were first mentioned by Ambroise Pare in 1564. He also described impaction of stones in both ureters as a cause of death ( ). Although ureteral…
Retrograde Ureteroscopy in the Treatment of Ureteral Stenoses
9.1 History The advances achieved in the ureteroscopic techniques, the design of the ureteroscopes, and working instruments have made the endoscopic management of ureteral strictures a reasonable alternative to open…
Retrograde Ureteroscopy for the Treatment of Upper Urinary Tract Tumors
8.1 Generalities The continuous development of endourological techniques has led to their use as an alternative for upper urinary tract tumoral lesions. Thus, the progress regarding the equipment and the…
Diagnostic Ureteroscopy
4.1 Generalities In selected cases in which clinical, laboratory, and/or imagistic data are equivocal, establishing a correct diagnosis may require the endoscopic exploration of the upper urinary tract. Due to…
