In patients with atherosclerotic disease, measures should be taken to limit the progression of plaque formation, including smoking cessation and administration of statins. The indications for renal revascularization are controversial,…
PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS Few, if any, clinical features can distinguish patents with renovascular hypertension from those with essential hypertension. Although some features are suggestive, none is particularly sensitive or specific….
TREATMENT Patients diagnosed with either acute or chronic renal vein thrombosis require anticoagulation treatment. Unfractionated or low molecular weight heparin is appropriate for initial treatment. Although most patients have adequate…
In adults, the prognosis of untreated TTP or HUS is extremely poor, with survival rates of only 10%. With plasma exchange, however, survival rates have improved to 80%, although relapses…
On further investigation, patients are found to have thrombocytopenia, with platelet counts often below 20,000/μL; MAHA, evidenced as numerous schistocytes on a peripheral blood smear; and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)….
Atypical HUS (also called D-HUS because it lacks a diarrhea prodrome), in contrast, may occur for numerous reasons. In some patients, it appears to reflect dysregulated activation of the complement…
The responsible analgesics often included a mixture of different substances, including phenacetin, acetaminophen (phenacetin’s major metabolite), and other agents such as NSAIDs, codeine, aspirin, and caffeine. Although there was no…
TREATMENT The treatment of CTIN focuses on identifying and addressing correctable risk factors, such as medication use, metabolic abnormalities, and infections. Except in cases of neoplastic and hereditary disease, renal…
Immunofluorescence The pattern observed on immunofluorescent staining of the glomerulus for antibodies and/or complement proteins can often be described as granular, linear, or pauci-immune. These patterns offer clues into the…
Light Microscopy With light microscopy, the pattern of glomerular inflammation is often described as mesangial, endocapillary, and/or extracapillary (crescentic); focal or diffuse; and segmental or global. Mesangial/Endocapillary/Extracapillary (Crescentic). Inflammation can…
