Diabetic Nephropathy: Diabetes Mellitus
In type 1 diabetes, the pathologic changes to the glomerulus occur in a somewhat predictable sequence, with hypertrophy of the glomeruli and thickening of the basement membrane seen early in…
Chronic and Malignant Hypertension: Renal Histopathology (Malignant)
SUMMARY Based on the above, patients with hypertension and renal disease can be divided into several groups: those with true “essential hypertension” that may result in renal disease; those with…
Chronic and Malignant Hypertension: Major Causes
The glomerular capillaries may exhibit several different patterns of involvement. Some tufts appear normal, whereas others appear either segmentally or globally sclerotic. The pattern of global sclerosis may be further…
Chronic and Malignant Hypertension: Renal Histopathology (Chronic)
Although these findings do not eliminate the possibility that hypertension is a primary cause of renal disease, they do suggest that it could account for a smaller number of ESRD…
Hepatorenal Syndrome: Symptoms and Diagnosis
PROGNOSIS The prognosis is very poor in HRS if treatment is not rapidly provided. Mortality of untreated type I disease, for example, is up to 80% in 2 weeks. Patients…
Hepatorenal Syndrome: Proposed Pathophysiology
PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS Patients with HRS often have the typical stigmata of liver disease, which include jaundice, ascites, coagu-lopathies, and occasionally encephalopathy. Effective intraarterial volume depletion causes tachycardia, low-normal blood…
Congestive Heart Failure: Effects of Left Heart Failure on Renal Blood Flow and Tubular Function
Heart transplantation is the only potential “cure” for a patient with advanced CHF and kidney dysfunction that is thought to be reversible. Differentiating between prerenal state versus renal parenchymal damage…
Congestive Heart Failure: Types of Left Heart Failure and Effects on Renal Function
In the kidneys, these hormones promote avid reabsorption of salt and water throughout the tubule. In addition, they cause an overall shift in perfusion from short-looped (cortical) to long-looped (juxtamedullary)…
Renal Artery Stenosis: Causes
In patients with atherosclerotic disease, measures should be taken to limit the progression of plaque formation, including smoking cessation and administration of statins. The indications for renal revascularization are controversial,…
Renal Artery Stenosis: Pathophysiology of Renovascular Hypertension
PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS Few, if any, clinical features can distinguish patents with renovascular hypertension from those with essential hypertension. Although some features are suggestive, none is particularly sensitive or specific….
