Ureteral Injuries
TREATMENT In patients who are too unstable to undergo ureteral reconstruction, a “damage control” approach is appropriate. Two common strategies include bringing the ureter to the abdominal wall (temporary cutaneous…
Ureteral Strictures
An endoureterotomy consists of stricture incision under direct vision through a ureteroscope. Several different technologies can be employed, including cold knife incision, electrocautery, and holmium laser ablation. All require a…
Renal Injuries: Renal Hilar Injuries
The most common complications after renal trauma include prolonged urinary extravasation, delayed bleeding, arterial pseudoaneurysm, abscess, urinary fistula, and hydronephrosis. Renovascular hypertension may occur after renal trauma but is almost…
Renal Injuries: Grading System and Renal Parenchymal Injuries
In stable patients, computed tomography (CT) with intravenous contrast is the imaging study of choice for demonstrating renal parenchymal injury, perirenal/ret-roperitoneal hematomas, urine extravasation, injuries to the renal hilum, and…
Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
In older children and adults, undiagnosed congenital or acquired UPJ obstructions may cause intermittent, severe flank pain following increased fluid or diuretic intake. In addition, patients may experience hematuria after…
Urolithiasis: Major Sites of Renal Stone Impaction
For large and/or complex stones, such as staghorn calculi (which occupy all or a large portion of the collecting system), a large endoscope is introduced percutaneously into the kidney through…
Urolithiasis: Appearance of Renal Stones
The symptoms of bladder calculi are typically less obvious than those associated with kidney stones. Some patients may be completely unaware that they have a stone, while others may complain…
Obstructive Uropathy: Sequelae
More invasive tests—such as cystoscopy, ureteroscopy, and nephroscopy—allow clinicians to make diagnoses under direct vision and simultaneously perform therapeutic interventions. These tests, however, do not provide any functional information. Acute…
Urolithiasis: Formation of Renal Stones
Noncalcium stones are also associated with specific metabolic, genetic, and infectious disorders. Uric acid stones primarily occur in the setting of overly acidic urine, in which uric acid crystallizes. These…
Schistosomiasis: Effects of Chronic Schistosoma Haematobium Infection
Praziquantel has been demonstrated to be safe in pregnancy, and current World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines recommend that symptomatic pregnant woman be treated. Some experts, however, advise delaying treatment until…
