Fig. 9.1 Mechanism of action of BCG in bladder cancer [33] Intravesical BCG: Current Guidelines and Controversies Indication Intravescial BCG treatment is indicated in patients with intermediate and high risk…
50. Reigstad CS, Hultgren SJ, Gordon JI. Functional genomic studies of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and host urothelial cells when intracellular bacterial communities are assembled. J Biol Chem. 2007;282(29):21259–67.CrossRefPubMed 51. Wright…
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016Dirk Lange and Ben Chew (eds.)The Role of Bacteria in Urology10.1007/978-3-319-17732-8_2 2. Overview of Urinary Tract Infections Joey Lo1, Way Ho Choi1, Justin Y. H. Chan1 and Dirk Lange2, 3, 4 (1) Department of Urologic Sciences, The…
Once the entire mucosal surface has been examined and all tumors and abnormal-appearing areas have been identified, the cystoscope is removed in exchange for a resectoscope (using the 30-degree lens)….
FOLLOW-UP Patients undergoing TURBT generally do not require hospitalization and can be discharged after a short period of postoperative recovery. In the event of a more extensive resection that requires…
Following inspection of the mucosal surface, various procedures may be performed by inserting instruments into the working channel. After these procedures are completed, the cystoscope is removed, and the bladder…
Flexible Cystoscopes. Flexible cystoscopes have small, soft, flexible shafts; a working channel; and an irrigation port. The optics consist of either fiberoptic bundles or, more recently, a distal sensor (either…
An ileal ureter, which introduces the bowel into the urinary tract, is used for wide ureteral defects or other surgically complex cases that require more drastic reconstruction efforts. Patients with…
Postoperatively, the patient should receive double the maintenance intravenous fluid rate for the first 12 to 24 hours, which will irrigate the bladder and ureteral anastomosis. The Foley catheter should…
COMPLICATIONS When performed properly, ureteroscopy is associated with few complications. The most common complications include stent colic (discomfort from the ureteral stent), transient hematuria, and urinary tract infection. The most…
