Tools to improve cancer care Strengths Weaknesses Randomised trials Proof of treatment effects Selection bias, high costs, time-consuming, confounding factors Evidence based guidelines/ consensus Create awareness, focus on key treatments…
Diameter (cm) Metastatic potential (%) <1.0 3–5 1.0–1.9 10–30 ≥2.0 >75 Adapted from Koura et al. [12], Grossmann et al. [219] The majority of diagnosed rectal carcinoids (65–80 %) will…
Author Year Number of patients Therapy RR (%) p-value PFS (mos) p-value OS (mos) p-value 5–FU and leucovorin vs. capecitabine de Gramont [43] 1997 216 Bolus 5-FU/LV 14 0.0004 5.5…
Time definition Perspective No of patients Costs/charges included Cost/charges as reported in original studya Costs/charges in 2014 U.S. $ Lifetime and treatment–phase specific costs Lang et al. [12] Initial:…
Fig. 7.1 This MR image shows a T3N1V1 mid rectal tumour with a potentially involved circumferential margin. There is a plaque of high signal intensity in the presacral space. The…
Fig. 23.1 Conceptual model of QoL (Adapted from the model first devised by Wilson and Cleary [8], and later revised by Ferrans et al. [9]) The way the model works…
Fig. 8.1 (a) Pretreatment (day 0) T2N0M0; (b) Post treatment (day 14); (c) Post treatment (day 28) after 2 fractions, showing good response (good responder) Fig. 8.2 (a) Malignant rectal…
Primary tumor (T) TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed T0 No evidence of primary tumor Tis Carcinoma in situ: intraepithelial or invasion of lamina propria T1 Tumor invades submucosa T2…
Fig. 5.1 Schematic of the adenoma-to-carcinoma sequence in the development of colorectal cancer. The primary genes that are mutated related to each step are indicated (See text for abbreviations and…
Study, year Surveillance intensity Number of patients randomized Median observation time (months) Overall recurrence rate (%) Number of second bowel cancers Radical reoperation rate (%) 5-year survival rate (%) Ohlsson…
