Fig. 4.1 Transanal excision of early-stage rectal adenocarcinoma. (a) A single piece of transanal excision specimen with a suture denoting the proximal end. (b) Section shows a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma invades…
Fig. 28.1 Colorectal anastomosis with transmesenteric passage of the transverse colon and closure of the peritoneal defect This procedure was first described in 1961 by André Toupet [17, 18]. At…
Tools to improve cancer care Strengths Weaknesses Randomised trials Proof of treatment effects Selection bias, high costs, time-consuming, confounding factors Evidence based guidelines/ consensus Create awareness, focus on key treatments…
Diameter (cm) Metastatic potential (%) <1.0 3–5 1.0–1.9 10–30 ≥2.0 >75 Adapted from Koura et al. [12], Grossmann et al. [219] The majority of diagnosed rectal carcinoids (65–80 %) will…
Author Year Number of patients Therapy RR (%) p-value PFS (mos) p-value OS (mos) p-value 5–FU and leucovorin vs. capecitabine de Gramont [43] 1997 216 Bolus 5-FU/LV 14 0.0004 5.5…
Time definition Perspective No of patients Costs/charges included Cost/charges as reported in original studya Costs/charges in 2014 U.S. $ Lifetime and treatment–phase specific costs Lang et al. [12] Initial:…
Fig. 7.1 This MR image shows a T3N1V1 mid rectal tumour with a potentially involved circumferential margin. There is a plaque of high signal intensity in the presacral space. The…
Fig. 23.1 Conceptual model of QoL (Adapted from the model first devised by Wilson and Cleary [8], and later revised by Ferrans et al. [9]) The way the model works…
Fig. 8.1 (a) Pretreatment (day 0) T2N0M0; (b) Post treatment (day 14); (c) Post treatment (day 28) after 2 fractions, showing good response (good responder) Fig. 8.2 (a) Malignant rectal…
Primary tumor (T) TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed T0 No evidence of primary tumor Tis Carcinoma in situ: intraepithelial or invasion of lamina propria T1 Tumor invades submucosa T2…
