Fig. 5.1 Variable appearances of mucosa in ulcerative colitis In an effort to quantify the degree of inflammation, a number of different clinical, endoscopic, and composite scoring systems have been…
Fig. 9.1 The mechanism of action of corticosteroids on the immune system Although corticosteroids can suppress inflammatory genes, they also inhibit the transcription of other genes, including osteocalcin, keratin, proopiomelanocortin…
Induction therapy [1, 2] Maintenance therapy Mild • Oral 5-ASA • Topical 5-ASA • Topical steroid • Oral 5-ASA, with or without topical 5-ASA Moderate • Oral 5-ASA •…
7. Crohn BB. An historic note on ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 1962;42:366–7.PubMed 8. Bassler A. Ulcerative colitis. Interstate Med J. 1913;20:705–6. 9. Brown J. The value of complete physiological rest of…
Fig. 7.1 Critical view of safety: gentle grasper traction exposes structures in Calot’s triangle Fig. 7.2 Underpassing cystic duct and artery to obtain the critical view of safety avoids bile…
Fig. 12.1 Countries of origin of the authors who have joined our audits 12.3 Expert’s Opinion The authors’ responses were collected and analyzed; a pie chart was produced for each…
Fig. 2.1 French position Fig. 2.2 American position The position of the patient and the surgical team differs between the two techniques: the patient’s legs are divaricated with the surgeon…
(A) Local signs of inflammation 1. Murphy’s sign, (2) RUQ mass/pain/tenderness (B) Systemic signs of inflammation 1. Fever, (2) elevated CRP (>3 mg/dl), (3) elevated WBC count (C) Imaging findings:…
Number of patients Obesity as risk factor for conversion Increased complication rates Increased operation time Hutchinson et al. [61] 587 Yes Fried et al. [62] 1,676 Yes Phillips et…
Fig. 8.1 Number of articles retrieved in PubMed concerning the new technologies for laparoscopic cholecystectomy 8.1 Robotic Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (RLC) The question if a robotic assistant (RLC) could ameliorate the…
