Fig. 2.1 Ritter proctoscopic table used for examination in the prone jackknife position Fig. 2.2 Prone jackknife position Alternatively, the left lateral recumbent (Sims’) position is also widely used, especially…
Fig. 9.1 This is an image of the patient in the prone position with a foley catheter in place. In this picture you can see the perineal fistula between the…
Primary tumor (T) TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed T0 No evidence of primary tumor Tis Carcinoma in situ T1 Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension T2 Tumor…
Fig. 1.1 Puborectalis forming the anorectal angle Lying posteriorly to the rectum are the sacrum, coccyx, and pelvic diaphragm, along with the associated presacral venous plexus and roots of the…
Idiopathic Fecal soilage Dietary factors Anorectal disease Abnormal anorectal morphology (congenital or postsurgical) Anal fissure Fistula in ano Hypertrophic anal papilla Internal hemorrhoidal disease Perianal Crohn’s disease Rectal prolapse Dermatologic…
Fig. 8.1 Embryology of the anorectum. (a) The cloaca—the fusion of the hindgut with the allantois and mesonephric ducts—is partitioned by the urorectal septum, creating (b) the urogenital sinus anteriorly…
Fig. 10.1 External hemorrhoid and skin tag Mixed hemorrhoids are both internal and external hemorrhoids within the same presentation (Fig. 10.2). Patients will experience symptoms involving both components that can…
Fig. 4.1 (a and b) Normal anatomy of the perianal region sagittal (a) and lateral (b) views 4.2 General Considerations There is little to no role for antibiotics in the…
Fig. 6.1 (a) Transsphincteric fistula . (b) Intersphincteric fistula . (c) Suprasphincteric fistula . (d) Extrasphincteric fistula (a) Transsphincteric (b) Intersphincteric (c) Suprasphincteric (d) Extrasphincteric Horseshoe…
Fig. 5.1 Acute anal fissure Fig. 5.2 Chronic anal fissure 5.1 Etiology The precise etiology of anal fissures is likely multifactorial. Most would agree that trauma to the mucosa of…
