Anal Cancer
Primary tumor (T) TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed T0 No evidence of primary tumor Tis Carcinoma in situ T1 Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension T2 Tumor…
Anorectal Anatomy and Applied Anatomy
Fig. 1.1 Puborectalis forming the anorectal angle Lying posteriorly to the rectum are the sacrum, coccyx, and pelvic diaphragm, along with the associated presacral venous plexus and roots of the…
Pruritus Ani
Idiopathic Fecal soilage Dietary factors Anorectal disease Abnormal anorectal morphology (congenital or postsurgical) Anal fissure Fistula in ano Hypertrophic anal papilla Internal hemorrhoidal disease Perianal Crohn’s disease Rectal prolapse Dermatologic…
Anal Condyloma Acuminata and Anal Dysplasia
Fig. 8.1 Embryology of the anorectum. (a) The cloaca—the fusion of the hindgut with the allantois and mesonephric ducts—is partitioned by the urorectal septum, creating (b) the urogenital sinus anteriorly…
Hemorrhoids: Anatomy, Physiology, Concerns, and Treatments
Fig. 10.1 External hemorrhoid and skin tag Mixed hemorrhoids are both internal and external hemorrhoids within the same presentation (Fig. 10.2). Patients will experience symptoms involving both components that can…
Anorectal Abscess
Fig. 4.1 (a and b) Normal anatomy of the perianal region sagittal (a) and lateral (b) views 4.2 General Considerations There is little to no role for antibiotics in the…
Anal Fistula
Fig. 6.1 (a) Transsphincteric fistula . (b) Intersphincteric fistula . (c) Suprasphincteric fistula . (d) Extrasphincteric fistula (a) Transsphincteric (b) Intersphincteric (c) Suprasphincteric (d) Extrasphincteric Horseshoe…
Anal Fissure
Fig. 5.1 Acute anal fissure Fig. 5.2 Chronic anal fissure 5.1 Etiology The precise etiology of anal fissures is likely multifactorial. Most would agree that trauma to the mucosa of…
Perianal Sepsis and Fistula
Fig. 5.1 Anatomy of the anal canal and rectum Perianal space is a potential space in the area of anal verge, where a low intersphincteric tract drains. The intersphincteric space…
Benign Strictures of Anorectum
Fig. 14.1 Amoebic proctocolitis Fig. 14.2 Mucosal cast: (a) protruding through the anus; (b) expelled slough Fig. 14.3 Amoebic strictures in the (a) midrectum and (b) anal canal 14.3.2 Tuberculous…
