Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Fig. 22.1 Age-adjusted incidence of liver cancer worldwide, by geographical distribution. (Adapted with permission from GLOBOCAN 2012 [1]) Table 22.1 Estimated incidence and mortality of the most common cancers worldwide…
Portopulmonary Hypertension
Mean pulmonary artery pressure (normal 9–18 mmHg) Pulmonary vascular resistance (normal < 2 Wood units) Cardiac output (normal 4.0–8.0 L/min) Pulmonary artery wedge pressure (normal 6–12 mmHg) Vasoconstriction with vasoproliferation (POPH) Elevated…
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
Physiologic abnormality Diagnostic criteria Impaired gas exchange Arterial blood gas sampling while breathing ambient air with: PaO2 < 80 mm Hg or Alveolar–arterial oxygen gradient ≥ 15 mmHg if age <65 years,…
Liver Support Systems
Device Bioreactor detail Additional treatments Cell type Cell-matrix attachment Configuration HepatAssist BAL Porcine hepatocytes Microcarrier attached Hollow fibre cartridge/chamber Plasmapheresis and adsorption AMC–BAL (Academic medical centre–bio artificial liver) Porcine hepatocytes…
Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy and Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia
GAVE PHG Portal hypertension (PHTN) PHTN is not necessary for the development of GAVE [6, 7] 70 % of patients with PHTN develop PHG [1], degree of PHTN correlates…
Delivering Quality Care to Patients with Cirrhosis: A Practical Guide for Clinicians
Fig. 33.1 Many patients with cirrhosis fail to receive evidence-based treatments [3–6]. HCC hepatocellular carcinoma, SBP spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, Abx antibiotics Measuring Quality Another key feature of the QI definition…
Ascites and Refractory Ascites
Fig. 13.1 The pathophysiology of ascites. RAAS renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, ADH antidiuretic hormone, NO nitric oxide In an effort to maintain homeostasis, this new altered hemodynamic state and renal response results…
Gastric and Ectopic Varices
Fig. 11.1 Classification of gastric varices. Gastroesophageal varices: lesser curve GOV1 and fundal GOV2. Isolated gastric varices; fundal IGV1 and other IGV2. Reproduced with permission from John Wiley and Sons…
Portal Vein Thrombosis
Grade 1. Cross-sectional obstruction of less than 50 % of the portal vein lumen Minimal or absent extension into the superior mesenteric vein Grade 2. Cross-sectional obstruction of more than…
Ethical Issues in End-Stage Liver Disease: A Framework for Assessment and the Challenges
A. Obtain an advance directive; if not available and the patient is competent, encourage one be executed B. Begin planning ahead for end-of-life issues C. Anticipate and schedule regular reevaluation…
