Protective mechanism Risk factors compromising protective mechanism Mechanical Sphincter of Oddi Sphincterotomy, biliary stents Tight junction Increased intrabiliary pressures Bacteriostatic Bile flow Increased intrabiliary pressures Bile mucus Bile stasis Bile…
Fig. 17.1 (a) Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction with significantly dilated colon throughout. (b) Colonoscope advancement as far as technically safe and feasible to the right colon. (c) Fluoroscopic placement of colonic…
Procedural bleeding risk Thromboembolism risk Low High Low Continue antithrombotic medications Continue antithrombotic medications High Temporarily discontinue antithrombotic medications without bridging therapy Continue antithrombotic medications or temporarily discontinue antithrombotic medication…
Fig. 5.1 Algorithm for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (Reprinted with permission) [38] Role for “Second-Look” Endoscopic Examinations Approximately 20–30 % of patients with acute GI bleeding who undergo capsule endoscopy and/or…
Minimal sedation (anxiolysis) Moderate sedation/analgesia Deep sedation/analgesia General anesthesia Responsiveness Normal response to verbal stimuli Purposeful response to verbal or tactile stimulation Purposeful response after repeated/painful stimulation No response,…
Device Manufacturer Comments ERCP cannulation catheters Boston Scientific, ConMed, Mediglobe, Telemed Curved, straight, or tapered tip, 0.018–0.035 in wire Sphincterotomes Cook Medical, Mediglobe, Olympus Limited to double lumen, cannot take…
Fig. 24.1 The FNA mobile cart is equipped with a double-headed microscope as well as a Diff–Quik setup to stain slides for on-site assessment At a minimum, the endoscopist can…
Benign Malignant Inflammatory Primary Cancer Primary sclerosing cholangitis Pancreatic Chronic pancreatitis Biliary Acute pancreatitis Hepatocellular Recurrent cholangitis Ampullary Gallstone induced Gallbladder Autoimmune (cholangitis or pancreatitis) Iatrogenic Metastatic Cancer Post cholecystectomy…
Fig. 28.1 A subepithelial lesion identified in the proximal rectum in a patient with a prior history of sigmoid colon cancer What is the Differential Diagnosis of Subepithelial Lesions? The…
Benign (no malignant potential) Premalignant or malignant Serous cystadenomaa Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm Pseudocyst Mucinous cystic neoplasm Lymphoepithelial cyst Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm Retention cyst Cystic neuroendocrine tumor Mucinous nonneoplastic cyst…
