GI gastrointestinal tract, PTH parathyroid hormone Some Specific Causes of Hypercalcemia Primary Hyperparathyroidism Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is the most underlying and leading cause of hypercalcemia in the general population More…
Afferent mechanisms Efferent mechanisms High pressure (arterial) volume receptors Glomerular filtration rate Carotid sinus Peritubular capillary Starling forces Aortic arch Tubular luminal composition Intrathoracic low pressure (venous) receptors Medullary blood…
Cause Mechanism 1. Dietary Low K+ diet Combination of low dietary K+ and its obligatory loss in urine Eating disorders Low oral intake and total body K+ depletion High carbohydrate…
Crystalloids Colloids Dextrose in water (D5W) (2.5 %, 5 %, 10 %) Albumin (5 %, 25 %) Sodium chloride (NaCl) (0.225 %, 0.33 %, 0.45 %, 0.9 %, 3 %, 5 %, 7.5 %) Starches (Hetastarch 5 %, Pentastarch 10 %) Ringer’s lactate Dextrans…
Fig. 9.1 Mechanisms of renal Na+ and water retention and edema formation in nephrotic syndrome Experimental evidence also suggests that Na+ and water retention occur in the kidney due to…
Fig. 8.1 Mechanisms of renal Na+ and water retention and edema formation in cirrhosis. EABV effective arterial blood volume, ADH antidiuretic hormone, ANP atrial natriuretic peptide, AII angiotensin II Clinical…
Fig. 7.1 Mechanisms of renal Na+ and water retention and edema formation in CHF Clinical Evaluation A brief discussion of clinical evaluation of CHF is presented here. The most common…
Fig. 4.1 Barker Vac Pack Scissors are used to create fenestrations in the 10 × 10 drape to allow for outward egress of fluids. The Steri-Drape is then placed circumferentially under the…
Fig. 7.1 Abdominal wall musculature. The abdominal wall comprises four major muscle groups: rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles Fig. 7.2 Cross-sectional view of the abdominal…
